Our Home On Native Land Indian Treaty Rights Essay

Event Paper: Our Home on Native Land: Indian Treaty Rights in Canada and the US† The lecture covered the basis on Indians’ treaties, the government, and how both (the treaties and government) clashed with the Native’s culture. The guest speaker was Gillian Allen, a lawyer, who worked on First Nations treaty-related affairs in Canada and an Aboriginal. She presented a lecture on Indian Treaty Rights in Canada and the U.S. During the lecture, I learned interesting information about the Natives and recognized some aspects of cognitive psychology. The aspects of cognitive psychology that were present were priming, categories of knowledge, and surface features/deep structure. The first aspect of cognitive psychology that were present in the lecture was priming. In the book, priming is the presentation of one stimulus change the way a person responds to another stimulus. Priming can occur through verbal and nonverbal communication. Especially because Canada’s aboriginal languages have specific words, pictures, and symbols for concepts that Canada and American languages does not. For example, their language includes many specific meaning for their birth names. Their native name (stimulus) shape their identity (another stimulus). After the event, I asked Allen what were situations that the government intervened with the natives that affected them negatively. She told me about the tens of thousands of indigenous people who as children ripped from their families and homeland andShow MoreRelatedNative Americans : Past And Present Essay1439 Words   |  6 PagesNative Americans : Past and Present Under the advisement of President Andrew Jackson, the United States of America was looking to stretch its borders west, past Mississippi and further to the South. Of the many events that took place to obtain this goal, the United States is claimed to have committed a great genocide of the Native American people who lived in the area they wished to own. This wrong doing to the people who were here before the colonist of the United States has continued into theRead MoreThe Road Of The Trail Of Tears1334 Words   |  6 Pages I feel that the American policy of Indian removal and relocation was extremely unethical and unjustified in its motives and execution. Before Europeans arrived in present-day America, the Native Americans were living on millions of acres of land their ancestors had occupied and cultivated. Many Native Americans were initially somewhat willing to share land with original settlers. However, when settlers began taking land that already belonged to the Natives, hostilities began to arise. SettlersRead MoreNative Americans And The Beginning Of Our Nation1212 Words   |  5 Pages In school when I was younger, Native Americans were portrayed in the history textbooks in a negative manner. After returning to school, it’s nice to see that textbooks are making a great effort to get it right. But after reading our textbook and studying about everything the Native Americans had to go through, at the beginning of our nation. I think their deaths were the results of a broken heart, along with diseases. Which were brought from settlers to North America, including measles, scarletRead MoreEssay on The Cherokee Trail of Te ars1035 Words   |  5 PagesWorld came a whole lot of new problems. Native American Indians lived in peace and harmony until European explorers interrupted that bliss with the quest for money and power. The European explorers brought with them more people. These people and their descendants starting pushing the natives out of their homes, out of their land, far before the 1800s. However, in the 1800s, the driving force behind the removal of the natives intensified. Thousands of indians during this time were moved along the trailRead MoreThe Legacy Of Andrew Jackson1090 Words   |  5 Pagesfor more land for Americans - they wanted to expand westward and build new farmlands. The idea was spread that the best way to do this was to take the land from the Native Americans. Throughout his presidency, Jackson â€Å"pursued a policy of removing Indian tribes from their ancestral homes† (The Trail of Tears). In 1830, he accomplished this by establishing the Indian Removal Act whic h gave him power to â€Å"negotiate removal treaties with Indian tribes living east of the Mississippi† (Indian Removal)Read MoreThe Fight For Native American Rights1573 Words   |  7 PagesDecember 2015 The Fight for Native American Rights and the Restoration of Native American Culture For longer than we care to admit, as European Americans, racism has been a significant and controversial part of our identity. Every race and culture new to the United States has experienced unique stereotypes and discrimination, and although these issues have for the large part been amended, racism and racist tendencies have yet to be completely eradicated from our nature. The most prevalent inRead MoreThe Greatest Danger Of American Freedom1210 Words   |  5 PagesJefferson. Since the first contact with the Europeans, native peoples in the U.S have been battling with powerful government bodies and have repeatedly lost. Looking back to even before the founding of the Union, native populations have went to war against the progressive, overpowering and belittling nature of the government and have walked away with disease, famine and useless treaties. It is these bitter roots that have affected the native nations in the U.S even today. Battle scars of decadesRead MoreAndrew Jackso n Was A War Hero Essay1711 Words   |  7 Pageswas this idea which made him a forceful proponent of Indian removal. And what followed was the most brutal period in American History. In early 19th century, in order to grow the cotton industry, white farm owners pressurized the government to encroach towards the south to incorporate more farm fields for increased plantation. The only barrier in their route was Native American tribes that settled the south eastern region. This land was home to the so called five civilized tribes Cherokee, CreekRead MoreHistory: The Indian Removal Act Essay1108 Words   |  5 Pagesamount of land growing, not everyone was welcomed with open arms. With the expansion of the country, the white Americans decided that they needed the Natives out. There were several motives for the removal of the Indians from their lands, to include racism and land lust. Since they first arrived, the white Americans hadn’t been too fond of the Native Americans. They were thought to be highly uncivilized and they had to go. In his letter to Congress addressing the removal of the Indian tribes, PresidentRead MoreAmerican Environmental History : The Great Sioux Nation1384 Words   |  6 PagesGreat Sioux Nation Among the great native tribes that called the Americas their home, none are as iconic in American culture than the Native Americans of the great plains. Among these tribes, there arose the Great Sioux Nation, one of the largest and most powerful of them all. They seem to have had a deep connection with and have held a gentle balance with nature that few cultures throughout human history have seemed to match; yet, history has shown that Native Americans didn’t quite have the same

Biography of Photographer Dorothea Lange Essay - 632 Words

Through out the Great Depression there were many photographers, but one of the best was Dorothea Lange. Lange was born on the 25th of May in 1895 in Hoboken, New Jersey as the first child of Joan and Henry Nutzhorn. She decided to become a photographer at the age of 18. She studied photography at Columbia University in New York. At the age of 20 she began to travel the world. Later in life she settled down in San Francisco, California, where she met her first husband, artist Maynard Dixon. She had had to children Daniel (1925) and John (1928). She died on the 11th of October in 1916. Even Though some people believe Dorothea Lange was not a great photographer, Dorothea was because she caused great inspiration of those going through the hard†¦show more content†¦Her most well know piece Migrant Mother which was of Florence Owens Thompson. The photograph shows a worn out mother with her two childrens heads in her shoulders, and a baby in her lap. Dorothea Lange’s pictures of the homeless during the Great Depression got the attention of the Federal Resettlement Administration. She began to work for them taking pictures and capturing the publics attention of the poor. She also worked for the US Farm Security Administration before World War Two. She investigated the conditions of farm workers in many Western states. Many of the people she photographed during this time had came to escape the â€Å"Dust Bowl† (a drought which devastated millions of acres of farm land in midwestern states). When the United States joined WWII in 1941 here was a relocation of the Japanese- Americans. Dorothea Lange was hired shortly after this took place by the War Relocation Authority (WRA). She was hired to show there new living styles in there new there new living quarters. The photographs she took showed there new neighborhoods, processing centers, and there whole camp facilities. So Lange could capture the spirit of the camps, she made it so her images showed courage and dignity. Most of the photos she took here were censored by the federal government. Dorothea Lange put some the photographs she took in to her books. Her book Dorothea Lange’s Ireland, published in 1996,explores the world of the rural Irish families. It shows thereShow MoreRelatedThe Great Depression And Harsh Weather Conditions During The 1930 S1453 Words   |  6 Pagesboth the Great Depression and harsh weather conditions during the 1930’s causing Americans to suffer through extreme hardship and impoverishment. Many of the migrant farmers were bankrupt, destitute, and struggled to survive. Photographer and photojournalist, Dorothea Lange, captured the dangerous conditions migrant workers and their families endured through her photograph, Migrant Mother. The photograph not only displays a woman and children suffering, but also reveals the determination and willpowerRead MoreDorothea Lange Developed the Way for Many of Todays Photojournalists549 Words   |  2 PagesDorothea Lange was born May 26, 1895 in Hoboken, New Jersey, was an American photo journalist and documentary photographer. Her most recognizable work was from the Depression-era for the Farm Security Administration (FSA) (Dorothea). With her photographs it brought an open eye to the nation about how bad the Great Depression really was. Her work in these areas of photography develop the way we see photojournalism today. Lange was born, Dorothea Margaretta Nutzhorn to parents Heinrich NutzhornRead MoreShould Photojournalism or Documentary Photography Be Considred Art?2290 Words   |  10 Pagessubstitute for a glance. It is a sharpened vision. It is the revelation of new and important facts. (Heilbrunn Timeline of Art History.). Sid Grossman, a Photo League photographer expressed this sentiment, summarizing the role photography had on America in the 1940’s and 50’s. During this era, photojournalism climaxed, causing photographers to join the bandwagon or react against it. The question of whether photography can be art was settled a long time ago. Most major museums now have photography departmentsRead MoreMargaret Sanger s The Prevention Of African American Births1802 Words   |  8 PagesUniversity of Wisconsin at Madison, which awarded her the Vilas Research Chair. Today, she is University Professor of the Humanities and professor of history at New York University. Her biograph y of photographer Dorothea Lange won many prizes, including the Bancroft prize for best book in US and the LA Times Book Prize for Biography. The purpose of her work, Women’s Body Woman’s Right: A Social History of Birth Control in America is to inform the reader on the general history of birth control movement as a

Disadvantages of Public Transportation free essay sample

Public Transportation Free public transportation would be a useless drain on the American economy. Firstly, a system of transportation with no regulated price would lack stability. Funding for public transportation would have to come from different areas and aspects of society which might severely upset many citizens. Criminals and drug dealers would see the new and free transportation system as a major benefit to their business. These individuals would deter current users from continued use of the public transportation system. Supporters of free transportation see an ideal situation but do not take into consideration many of the factors that would come along with free transportation. In James Shaffer’s opinion on transportation policy, â€Å"The concept of unregulated market is a meaningless construct†(1). Price is a regulatory device in any type of market. Because we are accustomed to our current systems of public transportation, it is hard to imagine a system that does not involve the use of fares and standard rate practices. We will write a custom essay sample on Disadvantages of Public Transportation or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page We step on the bus, we pay our fare or swipe our card, take our seat, then arrive at our destination. Without the immediate pay and receive factor, the user might feel uninvolved or detached from something they were once so involved in. Public transportation within cities is funded in part by both regulated fares, and taxpayer’s dollars. If legislation was to rule in favor of free public transportation for all citizens, where would the money come from? The most obvious solution to this problem would be to raise taxes. This would stir up major complications within cities. The users of public transportation services would be paying more in tax rates than they would for the original fares. Also, negative tension would arise among those that do not use the public transportation systems because they would be paying for a commodity that they do not use. If public transportation was free throughout American cities, people who previously could not afford the cost of fares, such as the homeless or wandering criminals, would use the public transportation system more often. This would cause many of current middle class users to stay clear of public transportation. People of the middle class have a certain expectations of standards within the public transportation system. With the addition of the poverty stricken class among public transportation services, many of its current middle class users would abandon using certain services that they once found so convenient. More violence would be present as a result of criminals and drug dealers who previously couldn’t afford the costs of public transportation. Drug dealers would manipulate transportation systems to enhance their availability to their customers and increase their drug-running territories. Instead of finding the homeless asleep in alleyways or next to buildings, they would make a habit of falling asleep among the free transportation systems. At the end of the day, before going home, drivers and conductors would find the homeless bundled up in the back of the bus hoping to go unnoticed so they could have a place to sleep for the night. Women who could not provide for their newborn babies would leave them at the back of vehicles, making them someone else’s problem. Although the transportation system would lose some customers, it would gain twice as many users. Commuters who walked or rode bicycles to their destinations would now be in favor of using the free transportation system. More buses would be in circulation and this will create a sufficient increase in city pollution. Growing taxes would have to increase that much more to provide for more buses, subway cars, and the electricity that powers each into service. With all the new transportation vehicles, more pollution would be circulated into our atmosphere. Overall, the negative side of free public transportation greatly outweighs its benefits. Unneeded costs would affect all aspects of the economy. The standards of public transportation would drop dramatically. Certain groups would be prone to using the public transportation system while others would exclude themselves creating a schism between the classes. Public transportation would become a breeding ground for poverty and crime. Free public transportation is a wonderful idea that unfortunately, is completely unrealistic.

Sample Definition of Scope free essay sample

Definition of scope Olaya Polyclinic Purpose of the project: Olaya Polyclinic has been facing problems due to its paper-based appointment system. With the increase in the number of patients visiting, it has become difficult to manage the appointment system manually. Recording of appointments and creating registers by pen and paper has become a tedious task. Errors such as the entering of the wrong patient ID in the patient file, sending the wrong patient file to the doctor or giving the same patient ID to different patients have become frequent. Also, searching through patient and appointment records and then creating management reports has become a time-consuming task. The increase in staff members to tackle the work load has not proved very successful and rather increased the expenses. The purpose of this project is to solve these complications by creating custom-built database software to manage the appointment system of Olaya Polyclinic. Benefits to the organization: By computerizing its appointment system, Olaya Polyclinic will benefit immensely. We will write a custom essay sample on Sample Definition of Scope or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page ?Unlike the paper-based system, the computerized system will be efficient and hassle-free. Sorting through data will become easier as there will be queries set to search through data and give the relevant results. ?Time will be saved as an appointment can be booked within seconds. ?Reports and appointment sheets will be generated automatically. ?Less chances of errors as there will be no duplication of patients IDs, appointments etc. ?Cost of buying registers etc. will be reduced and less space will be occupied by a computers. ?Cost of paying staff overtime to create and manage registers will be reduced. With errors minimized, the clinic’s service will be well-organized, which will result in satisfied patients and employees. Objectives of the Project: The management of Olaya Polyclinic and the Project Manager, in a meeting, has agreed to the following objectives. The database system should; ? Reduce paper-work, storing of large files and registers to a great extent. ?Reduce t he time taken to book an appointment. ?Prevent any overlapping of appointments ?Prevent the issuing of the same patient ID two different patients ? Be able to store doctors’ data, their availability, patients’ data and the appointments made. Prepare daily appointments for all the doctors ?Be able to print all appointments for a particular patient ? Make the organizing, sorting and searching and deleting of patient files and appointments easier. ?Generate the appointment sheet and management reports automatically, without the need to type them. ?Take back-ups regularly and automatically. ?Be able to add a new patient file, doctor and appointment easily ? Be menu driven with user friendly interface, easy to handle for a user with basic computer knowledge. ?The system should be capable of keeping stored data secure. Be created and tested by the set deadline. Key success criterias: The project will be considered a success, if it fulfills the following criteria; ? The datab ase system meets all the objectives set. ?The employees are satisfied with the system and it reduces their workload and increases efficiency. ?The patients are happy with the service provided and the complaints received are reduced significantly. ?The costs of the project are met within the set budget. ?The project is complete within the set deadline of 23rd February 2011 i. e. within 100 days. Deliverables: Olaya Polyclinic will be provided with an installation CD of the software and the employees will be assisted in installing in the two computers. Also a 3-day general and a 3-day on-the-site training will be given to the users to familiarize them with the software and its usage. A softcopy of the user manual will be provided as well. Constraints: Like any other organization there are some constraints under which the project for Olaya Polyclinic needs to be completed. ?Finance: Since it’s a small clinic, a limited budget has been set to meet the costs of the project and it is important that the project does not exceed the limit. ICT usage: The employees at Olaya Polyclinic know the basic uses of a computer, which means that the database software should not be complicated in any way and a training of no more than one week will be provided. Areas of risk: As with any computerized system, there are some risks involved with the project, which are as follows; ? The software, hardware , files etc. malfunction or become corrupt. ?Malfunctioning of the software or any files could result in data loss. ?Employees may be reluctant to accept the new system because they were used to doing things the traditional way and fear losing their job as they’d no longer be needed. The damage of the above mentioned risks can be minimized by various methods; ? By installing trusted anti-virus software and backing up data regularly. ?Monitor the progress of the organization with the new system in order to detect any employee dissatisfaction at an early stage and take necessary actions. Project roadmap: In order to make sure the project delivers what it promises within the set deadline, a Gantt chart is being prepared, which will show the tasks in detail and the time each task will take to complete. As agreed, the project should be completed on the 23rd of February 2011 and the Gantt chart will make sure the project stays on track and its progress is monitored closely. The Gantt chart will be created as realistically as possible, keeping in mind any risks that may affect the project such as illnesses or delays. The plan will be updated and adjusted regularly as needed. Project Resources: The resources needed to implement the system have been divided into two categories which are as follows: ? Human Resource: (a)Mr. Mohammad Nadeem – Senior Manager (teacher) Mr. Nadeem is an experienced ICT teacher at Pakistan International School. He will ensure that the project meets the requirements of Applied GCE. (b)Mr. Jawed Hussain – General Manager Olaya Polyclinic (c)Mr. Hamza Ali – Nurse, Olaya Polyclinic Mr. Hamza will be one the users of the new system. (d)Ms. Sana Khan Ms. Sana will be one of the users of the new system. (e)Reeha Malik – Peer Reviewer Reeha Malik is a fellow GCE Applied ICT student. ?Physical resource: The physical resources that I’ll need include a computer, printer, a data-transfer device such as a USB, a projector for presentations. Other than the above mentioned resources, the time that I have to complete the project is an important resource too. Project Stakeholders: ?Sara Faiz Rana – Project Manager ?Olaya Polyclinic Organisation (Client) ?Mr. Hamza Ali – Nurse (User) ?Ms. Sana Khan – Nurse (User) ?Mr. Jawed Hussain – General Manager (Snr. Mgmt. Organisation) ? Mr. Mohammed Nadeem – Teacher (Snr. Mgmt. Project Manager) Target Completion date: The target completion date of this project is 23rd February 2011. This is when the project will be handed over to Olaya Polyclinic.

Free Essays on Aristotles Polity

Aristotle, like Plato, was very interested in the different types of government. He devotes Books 4 through 8 of Politics to the different kinds of government, which ones are best, and what the â€Å"ideal city† is. He criticizes many forms of government, such as kingship, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. He doesn’t really agree with Plato’s ideas on government, but they both do agree on the fact that they don’t like democracy. This is surprising to me as an American because we hold democracy in such high esteem. As I continued to read, I realize that Aristotle’s definition of democracy is different from what I would consider modern democracy to be. Aristotle uses democracy to mean rule by the people, which are mostly the poor, in their own interest. He faults this because they do not have the skills to rule a country so the country is weak and disorganized because too many people are trying to run it and they are not qualified. It is pretty clear to me that modern American democracy is different from this. I perceive modern democracy to be that the masses have a chance to elect officials to office, who they think are capable, and then those chosen officials fulfill the duties of running the country. The general masses do not have much to do with the day to day running of the country. They pick the person or persons to do it, and then those people take care of things. I had to read the sections about government a couple times until I understood it. What I understand is that Aristotle focuses on three forms of government: oligarchy, democracy, and polity. When I saw the word polity over and over again, I really didn’t understand it. I had never seen that word before, but he used it many times, and it was a focus. I began to realize that polity was to Aristotle a word he used for an additional form of government. Once I understood this, I thought it was really a great idea. It seems that oli... Free Essays on Aristotle's Polity Free Essays on Aristotle's Polity Aristotle, like Plato, was very interested in the different types of government. He devotes Books 4 through 8 of Politics to the different kinds of government, which ones are best, and what the â€Å"ideal city† is. He criticizes many forms of government, such as kingship, tyranny, aristocracy, oligarchy, and democracy. He doesn’t really agree with Plato’s ideas on government, but they both do agree on the fact that they don’t like democracy. This is surprising to me as an American because we hold democracy in such high esteem. As I continued to read, I realize that Aristotle’s definition of democracy is different from what I would consider modern democracy to be. Aristotle uses democracy to mean rule by the people, which are mostly the poor, in their own interest. He faults this because they do not have the skills to rule a country so the country is weak and disorganized because too many people are trying to run it and they are not qualified. It is pretty clear to me that modern American democracy is different from this. I perceive modern democracy to be that the masses have a chance to elect officials to office, who they think are capable, and then those chosen officials fulfill the duties of running the country. The general masses do not have much to do with the day to day running of the country. They pick the person or persons to do it, and then those people take care of things. I had to read the sections about government a couple times until I understood it. What I understand is that Aristotle focuses on three forms of government: oligarchy, democracy, and polity. When I saw the word polity over and over again, I really didn’t understand it. I had never seen that word before, but he used it many times, and it was a focus. I began to realize that polity was to Aristotle a word he used for an additional form of government. Once I understood this, I thought it was really a great idea. It seems that oli...

7 Free Online Courses That Will Make You Happier

7 Free Online Courses That Will Make You Happier Here’s something to smile about: These 7 free online courses are waiting to teach you how to create a happier, more fulfilling life. Learn about the study of happiness from professors and researchers at top universities as you implement techniques such as meditation, resilience, mindfulness, and visualization into your own life. Whether you’re going through a rough spot or are simply looking for a few tips on creating a happier life, these courses can help bring a little sunshine your way. The Science of Happiness (UC Berkeley) Created by leaders in UC Berkeley’s â€Å"Greater Good Science Center,† this extremely popular 10-week course gives students an introduction to the concepts behind Positive Psychology. Learners study science-based methods of increasing their happiness and monitor their progress as they go. The results of this online class have also been studied. Research shows that students who consistently participate throughout the course experience an increase in well-being and a sense of common humanity, as well as a decrease in loneliness. The Year of Happy (Independent) Want to make this year your happiest yet? This free email course walks recipients through one major theme of happiness each month. Every week, receive an email related to that theme containing videos, readings, discussions, and more. Monthly themes include: gratitude, optimism, mindfulness, kindness, relationships, flow, goals, work, savoring, resilience, body, meaning, and spirituality. Becoming a Resilient Person: The Science of Stress Management (University of Washington) When stress strikes, how do you react? This 8-week course teaches students how to develop resilience – the ability to positively withstand adversity in their lives. Techniques such as optimistic thinking, relaxation, meditation, mindfulness, and purposeful decision-making are introduced as ways to develop a toolbox for dealing with stressful situations. Introduction to Psychology (Tsinghua University) When you understand the basics of psychology, youll be better prepared to make decisions that bring you ongoing happiness. Learn about the mind, perception, learning, personality, and (ultimately) happiness in this 13-week introductory course. A Lifetime of Happiness and Fulfillment (Indian School of Business)   Developed by a professor nicknamed â€Å"Dr. HappySmarts,† this 6-week course draws on research from a variety of disciplines to help students understand what makes people happy. Be prepared for videos featuring interviews with happiness experts and authors, readings, and exercises. Positive Psychology (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) Students in this 6-week course are introduced to the study of Positive Psychology. Weekly units focus on psychological techniques that are proven to improve happiness levels - upward spirals, building resilience, loving-kindness meditations, and more. Psychology of Popularity (The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill) If you think that popularity doesn’t affect you, think again. This 6-week course introduces students to the multitude of ways that experiences with popularity in their younger years shape who they are and how they feel as an adult. Apparently, popularity can even change DNA in unexpected ways.

Shakespear writing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Shakespear writing - Essay Example Some characters are showed in the process of transformation while their nature is changed due to some crucial events or trial. These characters are, for instance, Cordelia, who embodies good and Edmund, who symbolizes evil. King Lear's personality goes the whole way due to his folly and imprudence that lead him from denial to rage and to madness. It is customary to suppose that Shakespeare and the other writers of this period kept to the traditional conviction that human nature is interrelated with the environment, and all possible alterations break the order, which would influence both human nature and the surroundings. That is why in many Shakespeare's tragedies personal conflicts are accompanied with some natural disasters. King Lear is not an exception. Breaking one of the pattern parts leads to collapses in other essential parts. Behavior of Lear's daughters, violating all moral and natural laws, hurting their father, breaking gratitude and obedience, that are usually expressed by the children in relation to their parents, is intensified with the scene of a storm raging outdoors. This illustrates unnatural behavior of Lear's daughters and predicts his worsening condition in future. At the beginning of this tragedy King Lear is portrayed as conceited, proud and hot-tempered king. He cannot be regarded either as positive or negative character. But the subsequent events described in the play show us how his follies result in refuse from his only loving daughter. He also realizes that the other daughters who seemed to be devoted and loving before, turned out to be ungrateful and indifferent, their assurances of sincere love turned out to be just mere words. It is necessary to note that Lear realizes what will be the end of the process of changes that occur to his personality. He predicts his condition, crying: "O fool, I shall go mad!" (Act II, scene 4). In the events that are described in Act II the author uses not only cruelty of Lear's daughters, but also the symbolic elements to describe how Lear's conscience threshold is surpassed, how his personality is torn apart and how he is left to seek for his identity. This makes Lear begin his way of transformation, to his natural identity, while he gets rid of the deception and artifice, and imaginary significance of the power and throne, created by him for his own self-appraisal, he fully reconsiders his roles of father and king. Later he described in the scene representing the storm, while he tries to resist the forces of nature, and this is the scene, reflecting the idea of a human weakness. Lear seems to be a honorable man, and we know he was, and he hangs up on the feeling on love as the subject that can be measured. He thinks that the daughter he would love the most and desire to live with will be the one that will give the answer that he wishes to hear, asking the question about the number of knights they let him to keep. He states, I'll go with thee. Thy fifty yet doth double five-and-twenty, And thou are twice her love" (Act II, scene 4). By this scene and these words the author clearly makes us understand that his hero is wrong, and he will soon assure that this is not true. This is the stage of denial, while the character mistakenly compares feelings and material objects, judging the devotion and love by the empty words that mean

Meditation One and Two by Descartes Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Meditation One and Two by Descartes - Essay Example In Meditation 1, he doubts his knowledge for the reason that he might be dreaming (Med1&2, n.p.). He tells of the danger of confusing dreams from reality especially because of the fact that we are very much convinced that whatever is happening in our dreams, no matter how far they are from reality is the truth. This is a very similar principle derived from the concept of the movie â€Å"Inception† which implies that the beginning of what a man will consider true is when he or she is fully awake. But the question is, how will you distinguish being awake in reality or being in a waking dream? Lastly, Descartes questions his knowledge because of the fact that evil is all around us, constantly causing us a slanted view of truth. That is why we all need to be governed by law and not rely on our morals and free will because with the influence of evil, we can have our own versions of the good and bad and rationalize them to fit our selfish interests. However, in Meditation 2, Descartes brings himself out of his doubts because of the fact that he is a being made up of not only of a body but also of a mind, therefore he is a thinking being. Though his concept of knowledge could be marred by the limitations of his senses, dreams, and the influence of evil, he still can go beyond all three because of his mind or his ability to think. In line with this, he claims that mind can be better known than the body for the reason that the body could be easily deformed, perished, or seeped out of its strength with the influence of evil or is just part of the man’s mortal nature but the mind is something that is strong enough to filter the knowledge that is not only based on senses but also derived with prudence.

Statistics and Prevention of Gonorrhea and Chlamedia in New Mexico Essay Example for Free

Statistics and Prevention of Gonorrhea and Chlamedia in New Mexico Essay Topic There are a plethora of sexually transmitted diseases that exist in our society today. Two of the most well-known and highly contractible STIs are Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. These STIs are especially prevalent among people ages15-19. Because this age group encompasses high school students, and as nurses and thusly teachers, we find it necessary to impart what information we can about these infections to high school students. Therefore, our teaching project encompasses the topics of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. Client Population The client population that we will be teaching is high school students. People of this age group are generally 15-19 years of age. Here in New Mexico, the population is predominately White and Hispanic. However, there is a wide range of ethnicities in the state, so we will be sure to be culturally sensitive in broaching our topics. High school students are motivated to learn about sex and topics revolving around sex because they are experiencing puberty and the increasing desire to have sex. Whether the students are sexually active now or not, it will benefit them to know about infectious diseases associated with having sex and how to protect themselves. While trying to impart information about sex and related factors to high school students, there will be many obstacles and barriers to overcome. Students of this age range are still learning how to be comfortable in their own skin, let alone be comfortable with talking about sex. Inevitably we would have to deal with and work around the students laughing, making jokes, and talking to one another. To make the students as comfortable as possible, we would put ourselves on their level from the start of our presentation. We would do this by using appropriate humor and language appropriate to the age group. Assessment of the Learning Needed We will assess our audience’s learning need by asking them questions such as: * â€Å"Does anyone know what Chlamydia is?† * â€Å"Does anyone know what Gonorrhea is?† * â€Å"Has anyone here ever known anyone who’s had either of these infections? If so, what happened?† * â€Å"Can both guys and girls get these infections?† * â€Å"If you contract one of these infections, do you know what that looks like, or what any of the symptoms are?† * â€Å"If you think you might have Chlamydia or Gonorrhea, do you know where to get tested?† * â€Å"If you think you might have Chlamydia or Gonorrhea, do you know how the infection is treated?† Nursing Diagnosis Primary nursing diagnosis: * Deficient knowledge related to lack of exposure and embarrassment about the topic, shame, and fear as evidenced by multiple questions and inappropriate or exaggerated behaviors. Learning Outcomes Students will verbalize the methods of transmission, symptoms, prevention, and treatment of Chlamydia and Gonorrhea. This will be demonstrated by students answering several questions on each topic that will be posed to the class. Students will demonstrate knowledge of the situations in which it is important to get tested for STI’s, where they can get tested, what services are available to them, and what their rights are as teenagers. This knowledge will be demonstrated by students answering several questions on each topic that will be posed to the class, and by open ended discussion with the students. Students will demonstrate understanding of the importance of using STI prevention methods such as abstinence and use of condoms. This knowledge will be demonstrated through an open-ended discussion, guided by the instructors, in which the students will logically draw their own conclusions of the importance of the use of prevention methods based on the information provided in the lecture. Students will also be able to demonstrate proper condom use. This knowledge will be demonstrated by the students applying a condom over a banana. Learning Environment This lesson will be conducted in a classroom setting at a High School. There are many variables in the environment that might have an impact on client learning. For example, students may have no knowledge of sex or the subsequent topics to be discussed, and feel embarrassed, which may make them laugh or make jokes about the subject matter. Student’s religious beliefs may conflict with the discussion of the topic. They may feel that the topic should be reserved for speaking about with their parents only or, perhaps in the church. If there are students that do know about Gonorrhea and Chlamydia, they may be judged negatively by their peers as being overly sexually active. The students with prior knowledge of the subject matter may falsely be viewed by their peers as having contracted these diseases in the past. In order for the environment to be maximally conducive to learning we would take these measures: * Ask the primary teacher to leave the room. * Let the students know that what we are about to discuss may be uncomfortable or embarrassing, but that the environment which we have created is a â€Å"safe environment† and that it is important to be appropriate. * Let the students know that what they say will not leave the room. * Use appropriately informal language while still maintaining credibility. * Use appropriate humor. Teaching Plan Content Teaching Plan Outline: We will be educating high school students on the topic of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. The flow of our presentation will be as follows: * Defining Gonorrhea * Transmission Process * Signs and Symptoms * Treatments * Complications if left untreated * What information and help is available * How to prevent Gonorrhea Instructional Materials To aid in the process of education, we will be using instructional materials such as, an interesting and engaging power point presentation, informational brochures, instructional videos, posters from a local clinic, pictures of the effects of the STIs, and demonstration of correct condom application. Using these instructional materials will help to reinforce our learning outcomes by ensuring the students have a complete and well-rounded knowledge base of Gonorrhea and Chlamydia. Evaluation of Client Learning There are three orders of business that we will conduct in evaluating client learning. Firstly, we will hand out an evaluation tool comprised of three sections. The first section will be a matching question with 6-8 pieces of information we had discussed during the teaching section. The second section will be five stars, of which the students can circle as many as they wish to reflect how well they think we did overall. The third section will be an area for the students to leave any additional comments they have for us. Secondly, we will have the students verbalize what they have learned by asking them questions based on the information provided in the teaching session. For example, â€Å"Where would you go to be tested if you feel you may have contracted Gonorrhea or Chlamydia?† Thirdly, we will pass out bananas and condoms to each student in the class. They will then demonstrate how to correctly apply a condom. References New Mexico Department of Health, Epidemiology and Response Division. (2012, January 6). Indicator Report New Mexico Population Demographics: Race/Ethnicity. Retrieved November 12, 2012, from NM-IBIS New Mexicos Public Health Data Resource: http://ibis.health.state.nm.us/indicator/view/NMPopDemoRacEth.NM.html Chlamydia Reduce Your Risk. Publications for Schools, Organizations, Businesses, AgenciesChanning Bete Company Booklets, Folders, Handbooks, Presentations, Workbooks, Prevention Programs. (1997, January 20). Chlamydia Reduce Your Risk. Retrieved November 12, 2012, from Chlamydia Reduce Your Risk. Publications for Schools, Organizations, Businesses, Agencies 1997. Web. 23 July 2011. http://www.channing-bete.com. : http://www.channing-bete.com Bridges, D. M. (†¢ Bridges, Debbie, MD. Chlamydia in Women/Men: Symptoms, Treatments. WebMD Better Information. Better Health. 12 Mar. 2010. Web. 23 July 2011. http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/guide/chlamydia?prin.., March 12 ). Chlamydia in Women/Men: Symptoms, Treatments. Retrieved November 7, 2010, from WebMD Better Information. Better Health: http://www.webmd.com/sexual-conditions/guide/chlamydia?prin Date, W. K. (2010). Gonococcal infection in the newborn. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from Wolters Kluwer Health: Up to Date : http://www.uptodate.com/contents/gonococcal-infection-in-the-newborn Elaine N. Marieb, R. P. (2012). Anatomy Physiology. Hygene, N. Y. (2012, July 6). Sexually Transmitted Diseases. Retrieved November 15, 2012, from New York City Department of Health and Mental Hygene: http://www.nyc.gov/html/doh/html/std/std4.shtml Lance Lloyds Clean N Safe Website. (n.d.). Claean N Safe, Chlamedia and Gonorrhea Facts. Retrieved November 14, 2012, from Clean N Safe: http://www.clean-n-safe.com Lewis, S. L., Dirksen, S. R., Hietkemper, M. M., Bucher, L. R., Camea, I. M. (2011). Meducal Surgical Nursing. St. Louis, Missouri: Elsevier. Linda Gorgos, M. D.-C., Smelser, C. (2012, August 20). New Mexico Department of Health. Retrieved November 9, 2012, from Bacterial Sexually Transmitted Diseases in New Mexico: http://www.health.state.nm.us/erd/healthdata Prevention, C. f. (March, 25 2011). STD Facts Chlamydia . Retrieved November 12, 2012, from Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: http://www.cdc.gov/std/chlamydia/stdfact-chlamydia.htm SafeintheCityVideo. (2008, June 3). How to Use a Condom. Retrieved November 16, 2012, from youtube: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=tcpfZKvOFZ4

American Oil Dependence Essay -- Economy Economics Oil Essays

American Oil Dependence Since the oil embargo of 1977, there has been an increased awareness of our nation's energy security. As global population and energy consumption rise, the need for a stable energy supply has become a hot topic and a politically volatile issue. As our negative trade balance grows larger by the day, the United States finds itself in a rather precarious position. We are becoming more and more dependent on Middle East oil. Indeed, the U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) predicts that domestic petroleum consumption will increase to 60 Btu by the year 2025. This statistic, in and of itself, is a matter of concern with respect to the greenhouse gas emissions that result from petroleum combustion. However, perhaps more disconcerting is the fact that U.S. oil production peaked in 1970 and has continued to fall since then (Campbell et. al., 1998). Therefore, the American public has turned to foreign oil, in particular Middle Eastern oil, to supplement its increase in demand. In an age where terrorism is at the forefront of people's minds, we still continue to import oil from the same nations that supposedly harbor so-called terrorist groups. The fact is that we are unwilling to responsibly face our energy future and instead choose to maintain a policy of increasing oil supply through importation. One of the main problems with this strategy is that it is a short-term remedy. Studies conducted by M. King Hubbert in 1956 predicted the rise, peak, and subsequent decline of global oil production. He predicted that global oil production would rise until around 2002 and then start declining (Campbell et. al., 1998). If one takes the oil embargo of 1977 into account, effectively decreasing the rate... ...to a fuel that, upon exhaustion, will mark our retreat from the global economic spotlight. Works Cited: Campbell, Colin J., Laherrere, Jean H. "The End Of Cheap Oil." Scientific American Mar. 1998: 78-83. Flo, Gary. "Lecture on Fossil Fuel Consumption." 8 Sep. 2003 N.A. "Environmental Advocates Statistics In Hand." 2003: www.geocities.com/Rainforest/Canopy/2743 Assoc. Press. "U.S. Auto Sales Hit 2003 High In July." USA Today 1 Aug. 2003: www.usatoday.com/money/autos/2003-07-31-autosales_x.htm Mills, Mark. "25 Years After OPEC's Embargo." Environmental News Jan. 1999: www.heartland.org N.A. "www.skyaid.org." 2003: www.skyaid.org/skycar/us_auto_statistics.htm Staff Writer. "Bureau of Land Management Maximizing Energy Development, Minimizing Environmental Protection." NRDC 7 Aug. 2003: www.nrdc.org/bushrecord/airenergy_publiclands.asp#1383

Illusion vs. Reality

The characters portrayed this theme through perceived reality vs. actuality, knowledge is power, and knowledge can only be gained if it is presented to it first. In all three, there are people without knowledge and people with knowledge. The people that don't have knowledge are the general public, Truman, and the prisoners; the people with the knowledge are the government, Christof, and the things causing the shadows in the ave.The people without the knowledge live their lives as if they know everything while the people with knowledge try to either keep it that way or them the knowledge. Reality vs. actuality helps portray the theme though the people without the knowledge, who have his/her own reality while the actual world is something different. In Fahrenheit 451, the general public live their lives believing books are evil while they are actually not. In The Truman Show, Truman lives his life as if it is real, but it is a lie that was created for a TV show.In Plato's Republic, the prisoners were orn into a reality where shadows are their whole world, while the objects making the shadows were passing by. In all three, the reality shown to the people are not what the actual world is. Reality vs. actuality shows how the theme is portrayed in Fahrenheit 451, The Truman Show, and Plato's Republic. Another thing that helps display the theme is knowledge is power. The people who have the knowledge either use that power to keep the reality that the people without the knowledge already have or try to give them knowledge.The government in Fahrenheit 451 use firemen o try and keep the reality that books are evil and make that the truth to the general public. Christof and all the staff members in The Truman Show have the power and use actors to keep Truman's fabricated world the â€Å"truth†. In Plato's Republic the prisoners did not believe the philosopher who tried to give them knowledge and unveil the truth. The prisoners believe in their reality too much so t o them, knowledge are the shadows and that kept them under the truth. The people without knowledge are kept under their reality because knowledge can only be gained if presented it first.The people are never presented with knowledge, so they could never learn about the truth. Since the government tell lies, it prevents the general public to read books, and the general public never finds out the truth behind books. Truman never found out the actual world until he was presented with knowledge by his first love. Christof and the actors tried their best to prevent Truman from finding out the truth, but in the end they fail. In Plato's Republic the philosopher tried to present the prisoners the real world, but the prisoners rejected him and continued to believe in the shadows.The theme, we accept the reality with which we are presented, has been portrayed by reality vs. actuality, knowledge is power, and knowledge can only be gained if it is presented to it first. All of the people witho ut knowledge had their own reality that was not the actual truth. The people with knowledge had the power and tried to and the prisoners did not gain knowledge unless first presented with it. If the general public read the books, and if the prisoners did believe the philosopher, then everyone would have knowledge and there would not be a fake reality.

Business management Essay

Introduction Organizational cultures refer to the shared norms, values and expectations that govern the way people interact with one another and approach their work. Organizational cultures can be managed by the senior staff by changing the employee’s view towards their work performance. Diverse companies or organizations use different approaches to manage organizational culture. For organizational culture to be managed in successful manner, careful assessment of the changes to make is important. This will ensure support from the workers and other leaders for they will be able to get the purpose for it (Pareek, 2006). Organizational culture is an important aspect in any administration. It has great impacts in the change programmes of the organization. Strong cultures have been known to obstruct performance and most of the organization managers are struggling hard to manage it. Through assessment of models and application of the current public and private sector operations, organizational culture is easy to administer. In addition, organisational cultures can be handled by establishment of an exterior rather than an internal orientation which is associated with less control focus. Organizational managers should strive to administer the cultures with awareness so that success can be achieved and reduce the shortcomings brought about by lack of culture management issues (Pareek, 2006). How important are organisational subcultures? In order to successfully run an organisation, the management need to create subcultures for they have proved to work best resulting to good performances. Subcultures consist of groups of people within a given culture who differentiate themselves from the well-built culture to which they belong. Organisational subcultures give responsiveness and freedom that a certain culture in the administration may be in a position of limiting. The subcultures allows the organisation be able to generate diverse responses to the surrounding without necessarily intruding its internal consistency. It is clear that subcultures have some properties which are in a position of reinforcing the organisation’s culture. For instance, the subcultures differ from the extent they dispute the overarching traditions (Mullins, 2013). Subcultures often appear in response to varying demands and can provide as an outlet for members to articulate arguments and disputes arising during chaotic times. Subcultures also present methods for changing fewer central principles which are important factors in any organisation. With organisational subcultures, free interaction is enhanced particularly to the workers. This motivates the employees for they are able to present their problems or views to their leaders in a confident manner which makes them feel satisfied (Mullins, 2013). What is management? Management is the organisational process that involves calculated planning, locating managing resources, objectives and installing financial and human possessions which are a necessity in achieving the organisation’s goals and measuring the outcomes. Management includes storing particulars and recording facts for later use and those which are important within the organisation.   Management functions are not only limited to the managers but everyone in the organisation is involved in the administrative functions. For instance, the workers in the organisation are involved in the reporting task as their work. Management reaches out the organisational goals by working through and with people and having control of the resources in the administration (Mullins, 2013). Management also involves a function that coordinates people’s efforts to accomplish the organisation’s set goals by use of the resources available in an efficient and effective manner. Management also involves functions of which when applied, administration becomes successful. Some of the most essential functions required during management include organizing, influencing, planning and controlling. This mostly applies to the supervisors and the managers in an administration. Planning involves making of tasks which are required to be accomplished within the given period of time. Influencing involves motivation of the workers. It also involves directing of the organisation members to the direction that makes them be able to fulfil their goals. Controlling involves gathering if information that compares the present performance established to the previous ones (Mullins, 2013). Is bureaucracy a bad thing? Bureaucracy is defined as a form of leadership in which a group of people is given the responsibility of setting rules and regulations especially in an organisation. It may have negative effects particularly when decisions are made when the workers in the organisation are not given a chance to express their views for instance. This form of leadership consists of many departments of which are arranged in a descending order. The decisions made by the most senior department have to be discussed further in the other divisions and therefore leading to time wastage (Pareek, 2006). Bureaucracy also discourages innovations and creativity in the organisation since the selected decision making body is always permanent. Application of this form of leadership makes the employees lose morale during work particularly when they are not comfortable with the rules that govern them. On the other hand bureaucracy is also associated with a few advantages, for example, tactical decision making is easy because a few number of individuals is involved. Standardisation in the place of work is also efficient for the group in leadership is able to effectively ensure that work is perfectly performed (Beetham, 1997). References Beetham, D. (1997). Bureaucracy. Minneapolis, Mn: University of Minnesota Press. Pareek, U. (2006). Organisational culture and climate. Hyderabad, India: ICFAI University   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Press. Mullins, L. J. (2013). Management and organisational behaviour.

Free Essays on The Life Of Harry S. Truman In A Nutshell

The Life of Harry S. Truman in a Nutshell On April 12, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died suddenly of a cerebral hemorrhage. That same day vice president Harry S. Truman was sworn in to succeed him. Truman became president at a particularly critical time. World War II was coming to an end, and the Cold War with the Soviet Union was in its beginning stages. The new president was immediately called on to make a number of difficult and important decisions. A man of down-to-earth directness, he learned quickly and was willing to act vigorously. As a result, he was able to establish many of the basic foreign policies adopted by the United States following World War II. These included the Truman Doctrine to restrain Communist expansion and the Marshall Plan to aid war-devastated countries. Truman also is remembered for his resistance to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin and for his action in halting Communist aggression in South Korea. Truman's domestic policy was known as the Fair Deal program. It emphasized the need for greater employment opportunities and for increased civil rights for members of minority groups. Early Years Harry S. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, on May 8, 1884. He was the eldest of three children of Martha Ellen Young and John Anderson Truman. Because his parents could not decide which of his grandfathers to name him after, they gave young Harry the letter "S" instead of a middle name. When Harry was 6, the Trumans moved to Independence, Missouri. There he grew up, a bookish boy, so nearsighted that he had to wear thick glasses. After he finished high school, his father's financial difficulties prevented Harry from entering college. He held a number of jobs, eventually becoming a bank clerk. In 1906, at the age of 22, he went to work on the family farm, where he spent the next 11 years. The entrance of the United States into World War I in 1917 gave Truman an opportunity to show his ab... Free Essays on The Life Of Harry S. Truman In A Nutshell Free Essays on The Life Of Harry S. Truman In A Nutshell The Life of Harry S. Truman in a Nutshell On April 12, 1945, President Franklin D. Roosevelt died suddenly of a cerebral hemorrhage. That same day vice president Harry S. Truman was sworn in to succeed him. Truman became president at a particularly critical time. World War II was coming to an end, and the Cold War with the Soviet Union was in its beginning stages. The new president was immediately called on to make a number of difficult and important decisions. A man of down-to-earth directness, he learned quickly and was willing to act vigorously. As a result, he was able to establish many of the basic foreign policies adopted by the United States following World War II. These included the Truman Doctrine to restrain Communist expansion and the Marshall Plan to aid war-devastated countries. Truman also is remembered for his resistance to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin and for his action in halting Communist aggression in South Korea. Truman's domestic policy was known as the Fair Deal program. It emphasized the need for greater employment opportunities and for increased civil rights for members of minority groups. Early Years Harry S. Truman was born in Lamar, Missouri, on May 8, 1884. He was the eldest of three children of Martha Ellen Young and John Anderson Truman. Because his parents could not decide which of his grandfathers to name him after, they gave young Harry the letter "S" instead of a middle name. When Harry was 6, the Trumans moved to Independence, Missouri. There he grew up, a bookish boy, so nearsighted that he had to wear thick glasses. After he finished high school, his father's financial difficulties prevented Harry from entering college. He held a number of jobs, eventually becoming a bank clerk. In 1906, at the age of 22, he went to work on the family farm, where he spent the next 11 years. The entrance of the United States into World War I in 1917 gave Truman an opportunity to show his ab...

Definition and Examples of Pro-Verbs in English

Definition and Examples of Pro-Verbs in English In English grammar, a proverb is a type of substitution in which a verb or verb phrase (such as do or do so) takes the place of another verb, usually to avoid repetition. Modeled on the term pronoun, pro-verb was coined by Danish linguist Otto Jespersen (The Philosophy of Grammar, 1924), who also considered the functions of pro-adjectives, pro-adverbs, and pro-infinitives. The grammatical term pro-verb shouldnt be confused with the literary and rhetorical term proverb, a concise statement of a general truth. Examples and Observations In its . . . auxiliary use, the relation of do to verbs is similar to that of pronouns to nouns: You could call do in this function a proverb. (34a) We want that trophy more than they do.(34b) Ill taste your raw-beet casserole if Fred does. In the first example, do stands for want that trophy, and in the second, does substitutes for tastes your raw-beet casserole. - (Thomas P. Klammer, Muriel R. Schulz, and Angela Della Volpe, Analyzing English Grammar, 5th ed. Pearson Education, 2007) Animals suffer as much as we do. -(Albert Schweitzer) A child needs respect as do we adults. -(Zeus Yiamouyiannis, Subverting the Capitalist Model for Education. Educating Tomorrows Valuable Citizen, ed. by Joan N. Burstyn. SUNY Press, 1996) Yes, sure, I like it. I really do. -(Robert Stone, Damascus Gate. Houghton Mifflin Harcourt, 1998) Havent you heard? She thinks Im talented, I said dryly. I thought you did, too. - (V.C Andrews, Dawn. Pocket Books, 1990) Why, I must confess that I love him better than I do Bingley. -(Jane Austen, Pride and Prejudice, 1813) I love him better than I do you and all I hope is that you will find someone that will suit you as well as he does me. -(Ruth Karr McKee, Mary Richardson Walker: Her Book, 1945) No one knows better than I do, or can appreciate more keenly than I can, the value of the services you have rendered me and the satisfactory results of your friendly interest in me. -(John Roy Lynch, Reminiscences of an Active Life: The Autobiography of John Roy Lynch, ed. by John Hope Franklin. University of Chicago Press, 1970) [I]ts extremely difficult to narrate something like, say, a murder or rape in first-person present tense (though quite a few of my students have tried). Doing so often leads to unintentionally comic sentences. -(David Jauss, On Writing Fiction: Rethinking Conventional Wisdom About the Craft . Writers Digest Books, 2011) Pro-verb Do as a Responsive The use of the proverb do as a responsive is so productive that it occurs even when do does not appear in the preceding allocution as in (19): (19) A: Well, you remember, say, the troubles round here you know {}(19) B: Yeah, I do.(Ulster 28) In example (19) the pro-verb do rather than the lexical verb remember is employed. Based on this evidence, it is therefore inaccurate to say that what is being echoed or repeated in the responsive is the verb of the preceding allocation. Clearly, it is the pure nexus or the pro-verb do (the nexus marker) rather than the predicate remember that is being repeated. -(Gili Diamant, The Responsive System of Irish English. New Perspectives on Irish English, ed. by Bettina Migge and Mire NÃ ­ Chiosin. John Benjamins, 2012) Pro-verbs vs. Pronouns I asked him to leave and he did. Did is a proverb, used as a substitute for a verb just as a pronoun is a substitute for a noun. This is intuitively very comfortable, until we take a careful look. Even though the pronoun is conceptually unmotivated it is at least morphologically motivated as a separate part of speech. But the proverb is in no way a distinct part of speech; it is just as much a verb as the verb it replaces. Now, of course, no one has said that the proverb is a distinct part of speech, yet certainly the intuitive satisfaction we get from it is directly dependent on the parallel with the pronoun, and if it werent for the pronoun the new term would never have found currency. So instead of having a coherent theory in traditional grammar, one whose parts are integrated according to well-motivated, carefully controlled principles, we have something that is built up by free association. -(William Diver, Joseph Davis, and Wallis Reid, Traditional Grammar and Its Legacy in Twentieth-Century Linguistics. Langu age: Communication and Human Behavior: The Linguistic Essays of William Diver, ed. by Alan Huffman and Joseph Davis. Brill, 2012) Style Note on Generic Do Sometimes, when writers are unable to think of the precise verb to complete a sentence, they simply plug in do; for example, They did the rumba rather than They danced the rumba. When it does not refer back to a previously used verb, do is not a pro-form. It is a generic verb, from the top of the ladder of generalization, and people often resort to using it simply because they are unable to come up with a more accurate verb, and do will suffice in most cases. Take, for example, the now popular saying, Lets do lunch. But because of its lack of specificity, do often results in lifeless sentences, and therefore writers should avoid using it (except as a pro-form of auxiliary). Used as a generic verb, do does not create textual cohesion. -(Colleen Elaine Donnelly, Linguistics for Writers. SUNY Press, 1994) Do and Happen The only members of the class of pro-verb are do and happen. These stand for any unidentified or unspecified process, do for actions and happen for events (or for actions encoded receptively, in some kind of passive form). Their occurrence does not necessarily involve an anaphoric or cataphoric reference. -(M.A.K. Halliday and Ruqaiya Hasan, Cohesion in English. Longman, 1976)

I did. Attachment for all my decument. I want you to do just part (7) Essay - 1

I did. Attachment for all my decument. I want you to do just part (7) - Essay Example After one has been able to achieve the right attitude towards work, peers, promotion, dealing with conflict and etc, quality work, motivation, & increased productivity will follow (Building a Positive Workplace Culture, n.d.). Also some of the principal standards implicated in the reading would be to be able to provide fair and equal treatment to everyone, providing reward system, welcoming opinions of others, providing feedback on each activity done, open communication, clear goal setting, and training (Building a Positive Workplace Culture, n.d.). If all these are achieved, staffing patterns would be effective, school organizations would not be about titles and seniority but functions and passion, & discipline practices would center on full accountability where one is given his or her due and would take full responsibility of one’s actions. I would be able to apply what I have learned from this reading in my role as an administrator by working on having the right mindset towards the factors that are involved in my profession. I believe once I am able to have the right mindset, it will reflect on my actions and how I react to different situations in the most beneficial

Pediatric Issues Paper (Health Brief) #1 Research

Pediatric Issues (Health Brief) #1 - Research Paper Example The Issue- The number of adolescents aged 10-19 years who underwent bariatric surgery tripled from 2000-2003 (Tsai, 218). The number of obese adolescents is increasing due unhealthy eating habits. The high consumption of junk food among adolescents increases cholesterol deposits in the body. According to Pollan, most American meals contain meat and products made from high fructose corn syrup (8). The number of adolescents involved in physical activities has also reduced drastically. Lack of exercise and unhealthy eating habits increase the chances of becoming obese. Between 1999 and 2003, adolescents consumed an average of two 12-ounce cans of carbonated drinks. The consumption of soda and other carbonated drinks increases the amount of calories in the body. Bariatric surgery provides a medical procedure of losing excess body fat. The surgery involves gastric bypass that helps the patient lose several pounds in a healthy way (Encinosa, 710). The number of deaths reported during this period was 0.2 percent, which indicates that the surgery is a safe method of losing body fat. Programmatic Bottom Line/Policy Implications- The following recommendations can reduce obesity cases among adolescents. School systems and other organizations catering for adolescents should stop the sale of soft drinks in hallways, shops, and cafeterias (Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, 770). Adolescents should replace sodas and fruit juices with club sodas, tap water, or mineral water. Including adequate levels of fiber in the diet reduces cases of obesity. Spending less time in sedentary pursuits and engaging in physical activities helps burn excess calories in the body. Organic food products contain less cholesterol compared to junk food and industrial food products. The consumption of organic foodstuff lessens the level of cholesterol deposits in the body (Maziak, 38).

Importance of Internal Relations Case Study Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Importance of Internal Relations - Case Study Example Generally it is the role of the school to form the best and most appropriate way of informing the public on their school system and the operations of the institution. The community which is part of the stakeholders has the massive role of bringing up and sustaining collaborative measures and means which lead to the success of the institutions and the eventual improvements of the institution. The result of the collaborative actions of the public and the school should yield students success and the improvement of the institution in all round perspective without compromising any aspect of an institution. The administrator of an institution should have the knowledge and understanding of building of consensus effectively and negotiation techniques, effective and good communication skills, he should believe in values and have an inclusion of all the members of the community. Most importantly the administration should ensure that all the visions and missions of the institution are effectively and clearly communicated to the parents, students, staff and the community members .The vision of the institution should be developed with among the community members and all the stakeholders. Generally the administrator is the head of the institution hence should nurture and promote the success of the learning process. This can be achieved through the advocating for effective learning mechanisms and friendly environment for the students and the staff to perform to their best potentials. Internal communication is very critical and determines the depiction of the staff and the students on how they perceive the ability of the institution to meet its goals and targets. Effective leads to the success of an institution due to the constant flow and sharing of information that will eventually lead to

Concept of Figuration: An Analysis

Concept of Figuration: An Analysis Figurational Sociology The concept of figuration grew out of Norbert Eliass best-known work, The Civilizing Process (Elias, 1939/1994). This work provided an analysis of how the European nation state emerged. It analysed social behaviour in modernity, and particularly social interactions. Split into two parts, the work first focussed on an analysis of manners to provide a description and understanding of the way in which modern norms underlying social interactions had developed. The second part of the book looked at how the nation-state had been built in the twentieth century. What Elias was most interested in, the central thesis of the book, was that it was possible for forms of social discipline manners and social norms to be translated into aspects of individual self-discipline (Olofsson, 2000). For Elias, then, there is a clear connection between a tendency towards state centralisation and the development of modern social manners. This is what he called the civilizing process. This essay, therefore, examines the concept of figuration, its theoretical roots in the study of court society, its modern form and the criticisms that have been levelled against it. As will be seen, the argument over the usefulness of the concept of figuration has been highly contested and strongly polarised (Featherstone, 1987). At the heart of Elias work are a number of concepts figuration is best understood within these. The concepts are interdependence, functional differentiation, self-control and power differences. Social change for Elias mostly results from the effects of functional differentiation. This is an idea shared with writers like Marx who placed the division of labour at the centre of his theory. For Elias, though, this functional differentiation leads to increasing levels of interdependence (Olofsson, 2000). Elias argued that the coercive power of societies emerges out of increasing interdependence. This brings the discussion to the concept of figurations. In order to explain these, Elias uses the example of court society (Olofsson, 2000). He argues that in court society calculation is an important process which individuals must engage in to negotiate with each other as the king communicates with his aristocracy. Because of changes in economic factors, many courts in Europe saw a shift of power from the aristocracy to the king. The power each member of the aristocracy had, therefore, depended on their relationship with the king. In order to survive, aristocrats had to play by certain rational rules that developed. These were based on the complex interdependency between the individuals and the fact that they were playing long-term power games with each other. An important component in playing these long-term power games was being able to control impulses. Because of the number of people in the court, the chains of interdependence were long and complicated. This required planning, attempting to predict the future and saving. Elias called this complex relationship between the king and the court a figuration. A figuration is characterised by asymmetrical power relations amongst a network of individuals. The court situation can, therefore, only be understood in terms of how the individuals relate to one another. Four critical propositions about the figurational approach are extracted from Elias work by Goudsblom (1977). These are firstly that human beings inevitably exist in relationships of interdependence with each other. As a result of this interdependence, complex dynamics emerge which shape many aspects of development and change the ways in which peoples lives develop. The second proposition is that these figurations are constantly changing and being transformed. The third is that these social figurations are not essentially planned but emerge from the interdependencies. Fourth, figurations provide an important cause of the development of human knowledge. In order to better understand the idea of figurations, Elias used various metaphors from games (Olofsson, 2000). Games are useful to analyse because the interactions between the players are not just a result of the absolute strength of each player, but of the relationship between the strengths of the two players. One example is two chess players pitted against each other. If one of them is significantly stronger than the other, then she will be able to control the manner of the victory as well as the actual victory itself. If, however, the levels of skill are much closer then the manner of victory will be much more uncertain and emerge from the interaction between the individuals. What this metaphor shows is that the power differences between two individuals have an important effect on the relationship. Chess only normally involves the relation between two players, but society obviously involves the relations between many more players, all with varying levels of power. Shifts of power differences in society can be seen in the way the upper and lower classes interact. The lower classes have, for example, increased their level of organisation in order to increase their level of power in negotiating with the upper classes (Olofsson, 2000). One of the questions Elias wanted to address was how people continue to interact in generally peaceful ways when there is so much animosity in, for example, power relations (Loyal Quilley, 2004). Models used to answer this question should have a number of characteristics. These are firstly that social processes cannot be analysed in terms of aggregations of components. Secondly the models work to both mould and constrain the behaviour and habitus of individuals. The strength of the idea of figuration for Elias was that it was able to access ideas of what society was about more effectively than other methods in sociology (Krieken, 1998). Specifically it tends not to emphasise the dichotomy often present in sociological literature between the individual and society. Instead it places the emphasis on how human beings are interdependent. Society was not most usefully thought of as a totality or a whole system of individuals. Society for Elias was the way in which people interweaved with each other (Krieken, 1998). The advantage of this view was that it didnt downplay the agency of the individual at the expense of societys control and helped to show how peoples individuality melded together to form networks of interdependence. One important theoretical aspect of figurations that Krieken (1998) points out is that they can continue without the existence of the same individuals but they completely cease to exist if there are no individuals at all. Krieken (1998) argues that Elias concept of figuration has been extremely important for sociology. One of its major strengths is the avoidance of the dichotomy between structure and agency. Although the distinction has been questioned many times in sociology, it is often still treated by sociologists as though it were real. Krieken (1998) points out that some have argued Elias concept of figuration should be placed alongside of the idea of structure. Mouzelis (1993) argues for avoiding abolishing this distinction. He argues for designating relations between actors in terms of figurations, relations between institutions as institutional structure and plain structure when analysing the interaction between institution and individual. Krieken (1998) does not, however, agree with this three-way distinction. Krieken (1998) argues instead that Elias used the concept of figuration to subsume all these categories of analysis. This means that figuration includes the analysis of what is traditi onally called the structure of society. Habitus is also an important concept in Elias theory of figuration. Habitus refers to the idea that each individual has their own set of personal preferences, attitudes, beliefs, expectations and rules. Habitus comes from a persons community and family experience and through their own experience of life as they grow up. For Elias, though, this habitus develops in an essentially shared manner (Krieken, 1998). Individuals grow up in society and their personal characteristics are, to a certain extent, moulded by those around them. Through this collective moulding of individuals, the nature of collective behaviour is formed. The ideas of habitus and figuration lead to a further important concept in Elias theory. That is that the way in which a persons habitus is formed is called psychogenesis. This, then, can only be properly understood when it is considered in relation to social relations or sociogenesis. Theoretically and methodologically, therefore, Elias was arguing against the separ ation of sociology from psychology. Each has important complementary effects on the other, so it is hard to get a clear picture of the full human being if both are not considered together. Elias ideas have vital implications for the way in which sociologists carry out their research. Krieken (1998) identifies two particular characteristics of Elias theory that are a challenge to some types of sociology. First is the focus of figuration on social relations which points to the fact that an individual cannot be analysed in isolation. Individuals can only be understood, even in isolation, argued Elias, in terms of how they relate to other people, as that is how people are formed. Thinking about humans without the relational element has a huge array of possible associated mistakes. For Elias, the analysis of power especially fell foul of the tendency to see power as a thing in itself rather than as arising from social relations (Krieken, 1998). This led, he thought, to all sort of misunderstandings. To be understood effectively, power should be seen in reciprocal terms. Elias argued that power was often analysed as though it only flowed down from above. A figurational analy sis, however, also points to the reciprocal effects flowing up from below. The second major characteristic of Elias theory is that it focuses on processes (Krieken, 1998). Figuration, therefore, cannot be seen as a static phenomenon, but as something that evolves and emerges over time. What had happened in sociology, however, argued Elias, was that there had been a reduction of social phenomena to particular states. Communities, families, individuals, all should be analysed as though in a state of flow, rather than statically. The use of figurations could be used to analyse these flows as long as there was not a reduction to a simple argument of causality. For example, Elias argued that a particular figuration made other, later figurations possible although it did not guarantee they would happen. Analysing society using a series of static conceptual categories, therefore, was precisely what Elias did not agree with (Rojek, 1986). Instead a process theory of sociology encourages analysis in terms of movement. This type of approach has a character quite oppos ed to many in sociology. Figurational sociology can be seen as extremely useful as a reaction to six dominant paradigms in sociology (Arnason, 1987). First Marxs work is limited by its concentration on the economic areas of life, whereas Elias figurational sociology is applicable to all areas. Against Durkheims idea of norms, Elias argued these do not represent fundamental units but rather the question should be asked in terms of power relations. For Elias, these questions should be addressed using a long-term analysis. Examining the functionalist approach, Elias found that trying to explain social structures in terms of the needs of the system was ineffective. The functionalist account is lacking because it finds it difficult to account for the fact that systems are interlinked at all levels. As has already been seen, Elias argued against a structuralist approach. The reductionist approach also had problems for Elias as society, he believed, could not be understood at this level. Finally, Elias took issue w ith individualism, the idea that it is possible to analyse society in terms of individual behaviour (Arnason, 1987). This is replaced by Elias with a focus on power relations and the analysis of figurations. A number of methodological injunctions develop naturally from Elias theory of figurations; these are examined by Loyal and Quilley (2004). The first is that sociologists should not think about either individuals or society as in any way static or fixed. An effective analysis emerges which sidesteps arguments over macro- or micro- level explanations. A further dichotomy which Loyal and Quilley (2004) present as being avoided by Elias work is that of mind-body duality which has crept into sociological work. The idea of figuration draws attention to habits of language in which processes are often reduced to states. The focus of figuration, however, is on using language that has the meaning of motion and flow built into it. The danger for sociologists of automatically adopting the available language of states is a misunderstanding of the processes occurring in society. This view was influenced by the work of Whorf (1956) who argued that language fundamentally affects the perceptions of t he members of the society that speak it. Finally, Elias believed that some measure of distance was required from society in order to be able to analyse figurations effectively. A Critique of Figurational Sociology While much of the commentary on Elias figurational approach discussed so far has been complimentary, his work has a number of critics. Layder (1986) argues that many of Elias claims about the benefits of his approach to sociology are vastly exaggerated. As a result, argues Layder, Elias tends to focus on trying to solve problems that dont actually exist. Layder (1986) starts by considering Elias focus on the static categories used in language as well as the idea that positivistic notions of causation are inadequate. The concept of figuration is used to challenge these ideas by Elias. In addition, underlying Elias concept of figuration is the idea that it transcends long-running arguments in the philosophy of the social sciences such as that between induction and deduction and rationalism and empiricism. Layders (1986) first criticism is that Eliass figurational approach does not transcend previous approaches. One reason for this is that Elias uses only the worst examples from disciplines so that he can easily demolish their explanatory power. Elias critique of social psychology and psychiatry assumes that all its approaches are atomistic. It doesnt, for example, take into account the wide variety of approaches such as those which do, indeed, focus on the effects of society on the individual and are not so atomistic. Symbolic interactionists, for example, highlight the way in which the ordinary, everyday processes of social interaction build to create what is called society. Mead (1934), an important theorist in this approach, emphasised the importance of socialisation and social interaction. For Layder (1986), then, the concept of figuration does not provide any additional explanatory power. Layder also argues that Elias does not demonstrate exactly how the idea of figurations provi des a better explanation of society. In criticising the concept of figurations, Layder (1986) argues that Elias makes a number of philosophical mistakes, some ontological and some epistemological. Layder describes figurations as generalised depictions of the social ties between individuals that Elias argues cannot be analysed outside of individuals. Figurations, though, must have some meaning outside of the interactions of individuals; otherwise it would not be possible to talk about them in an abstract sense. This is not, of course, to suggest that figurations only have meaning outside of actual interactions. For Layder, then Eliass mistake is to argue that a figuration does not have both a manifestation as a social practice as well as existing as an idea about that particular social practice. If the ideas did not exist it would be impossible to talk about the things themselves in an abstract sense. For Layder, then, the very discussion of social practices as figurations proves that they exist outside of the actions th emselves. What Layder allows Elias concept of figuration is that it does provide a useful descriptive tool. Although it doesnt transcend alternative explanations advanced by those working within structuralist and functionalist models, it can provide a useful way of examining interrelations between people. These analyses would, however, in Layders view, be useful in addition to those insights from structuralist or interactionist perspectives, they wouldnt supplant them. The weakness of using the concept of figuration is that it tends to ignore actual people, in deference to their networks of social relations compared to, for example, the analysis provided by interactionism which is very much focussed on social actors themselves. In this sense, it is again difficult to argue that figuration provides an approach transcending interactionism and other schools of thought. The second major criticism that Layder (1986) makes of Eliass concept of figurations relates to their rejection of objectivist structures. As discussed, figurational sociology sees social processes as fundamentally fluid and avoids reductionism Elias claims that this is an insight that helps the figurational analysis transcends other approaches. Against this idea, Layder (1986) argues that many phenomenological and interactionist schools of thought are based on the idea of social relations as a process. But, Elias does not compare his theory to these approaches, preferring to pretend they dont exist. Instead, figuration is compared with the theory of Talcott Parsons as an example of an objectivist theory. Elias takes Parsons idea that society is essentially in an unchanging equilibrium and states that this is the way society is seen from an objectivist viewpoint as a static system. In this analysis one of the mistakes Layder (1986) thinks Elias has made is to create a false dichoto my between static and fluid analysis as though there is no intermediary point. In doing this Elias claims that theories such as Parsons cannot explain processes, which, argues Layder, they can. Indeed, in concentrating on long-term processes, Elias does not allow an effective analysis of short-term processes. The third major criticism which Layder (1986) levels at Elias is that the concept of figuration lacks explanatory power. Rather than helping to explain what lies behind social changes, Layder argues that it merely provides a description of what is happening. When looking for the causes of figurations, Elias presents more figurations. Criticism of the concept of figuration has also come from Rojek (1986). In particular Rojek (1986) examines the way in which Elias talks about the accumulation of scientific knowledge. As briefly noted earlier, Elias argued that the quest for knowledge was not immune to the power of figurations. Indeed he thought it was a mistake that philosophers of the social sciences tended to make that assumed there was one model of the way science should be conducted. One particular claim that has been made for the usefulness of figurational sociology is that it provides a link between micro and macro approaches (Mennell, 1980). Layder (2006) argues, however, that using figurations as the linking between the macro and micro approaches just serves to blur the differences between the two. The character of social relations is quite different depending on its manner for example a face-to-face encounter is different from sending and receiving an email. Within Elias approach each of these would be considered aspects of figurations. Layder (2006), however, argues that each of these creates different levels of reflexivity and therefore requires a different analysis. For Layder (2006), Eliass figurational approach deflects attention away from a number of important factors. Institutions, for example, have important effects on the behaviour of people but this is difficult to analyse by thinking in terms of networks of connections between people. Further, when analysing social organisation in the form of groups, a figurational approach can deflect attention away from the nature of the ties between people, preferring instead to focus on their actual existence and their particular form. A false criticism that Elias makes of sociology generally by way of his figurational approach is that not enough emphasis has been given to the interaction between society and the individual Layder (2006) argues that this interaction is practically the founding idea of sociology. The challenge for sociology is in working out where to split the society from the individual. A problem which Elias work shares with sociology more generally is that a socially constructed model makes it difficult to understand the uniqueness of an individual. A complete lack of barriers between individuals leads to the conclusion that people have no individuality themselves. While it is not helpful to focus too much on the individual, it is also problematic for a complete understanding to give too little focus to the individual. Layder (2006) argues that, like extreme social constructionists, Elias theory of figuration is in danger of completely eradicating the individual as a legitimate object of study. Figurational Sociology and Sport In order to further assess the usefulness of the concept of figuration and see the benefits and criticisms in action, it is instructive to examine an example of its practical application. The principles of figurational sociology have been applied in a number of different areas, but one particularly popular area is that of sport. Figurational sociology has been used to try and understand football hooliganism, the growth of professional sport, the globalisation of sport and finally initial process of sportization (Murphy, Sheard Waddington, 2002). To take one example in this line of analysis, Dunning and Sheard (1979) examine the development of rugby. They explain the increased professionalism of the sport in terms of a societal move towards functional democratisation. This process leads to greater levels of competition, so that rugby players can no longer play just for fun. Instead, it is necessary to be highly committed to the sport in order to be recognised as successful. Because of the increased interconnectedness of individuals, it is no longer possible for athletes to play for themselves; instead they have to play for their countries (Dunning Sheard, 1979). This analysis helps to explain professionalism in rugby and the advantages of a figurational approach can be seen. Societal changes are examined here in terms of figurations and this provides a useful analysis and explanation of changes. In contrast, Murphy et al. (2002) point out that one of the criticisms of the figurational approach to sport is that it has ignored gender issues. Hargreaves (1992) argues that the figurational obsession with detachment has meant the analysis of sport has readily accepted a notion of sport as dominated by men. Even while Murphy et al. (2002) argue that this absence of the analysis of gender in figurational sociology is not a result of its theoretical limitations, from the criticisms already described the opposite can be argued. Particularly, as Layder (2006) points out, the figurational approach is weak on the analysis of the individual. Conclusion Elias made many claims for his concept of figuration. He claimed that it transcended previous approaches to sociology, rose above false dichotomies and helped sociologists focus on human beings as fundamentally involved in a network of interrelated relationships. Methodological injunctions also flowed naturally from Elias theory: e.g. focussing on processes rather than categories or states and establishing a distance between the researcher and the subject. Considering the criticism levelled at Elias work by Layder, however, it is difficult to see that these claims for a transcendent sociology are justified. Elias frequently misrepresented or ignored the work of sociologists he was apparently transcending as well as making serious epistemological and ontological errors. While both the advantages and disadvantages of the figurational approach can be seen in the area of sport sociology, it is hard to argue that Elias work stands up to Layders criticism. Perhaps the strongest criticism i s that figuration is merely a descriptive rather than an explanatory approach. For that reason, the usefulness of Elias concept of figuration is limited. References Arnason, J. (1987). Figurational Sociology as a Counter-Paradigm. Theory, Culture Society, 4(2), 429-456. Elias, N. (1939/1994). The Civilizing Process: The History of Manners and State Formation and Civilization. Blackwell. Dunning, E., Sheard, K. (1979). Barbarians, gentlemen and players: a sociological study of the development of rugby football. London: Martin Robertson. Featherstone, M. (1987). 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