Delivering five hours Free Essays

Utilizing the variety of office equipment as a means of facilitating the organization of the department. Participating in workshops to improve my ability to maintain the highest level of professionalism within the organization. Delivering five hours of instruction and spending three additional hours on performing research and implementing preparation methods to help officials gain a better understanding of the language. We will write a custom essay sample on Delivering five hours or any similar topic only for you Order Now New Neighbors Education Center Alexandria, VA From: Oct. 2007 – Mar. 2008 Position: Executive Assistant Maintained files, updated company’s website and database, and proofread correspondence; created electronic file system with a simplified interface and ease of access; assisted the Director and members of Board in the performance of daily tasks. Managed the major donors’ mailing list, the drafting and issuing of thank you letters and the conduction of research for program development. Supervised office assistants, including those working to perform the duties of mailing, database entry, payroll, supply orders, budgeting and other financial tasks U. S. Department of State National Foreign Affairs Training Center Arlington, VA From: Jan 2006 – Sept 2007 Position: Culture Instructor and Curriculum Developer Trained U. S. Foreign Service embassy personnel in the areas of language and culture; personnel included ambassadors and other United States officials assigned to Albania, Macedonia, and Kosovo. Developed strategic methods for teaching language and culture for augmentation of the existing curriculum Berlitz Language Services Vienna, VA From: Jan 2003 – Dec 2005 Position: Administrative Assistant/Sales Agent Represented Berlitz Language Services as a salesperson at organized conferences, meetings with clients for the purpose of developing marketing and short-term and/or long-term language program promotional deals; managed a front office and administered secretarial support to the Director and sales staff Paul’s Wholesale Co. Washington DC From: Jan 2001 – Dec 2002 Position: Administrative Assistant Managed the processing, filing, shipping and follow-up procedures connected with customers’ orders, maintaining an effective administrative system. International Rescue Committee (IRC) Shkoder, Albania From: Sept 1999 – Nov 2000 Position: Office Manager Monitored IRC projects of rehabilitated refugee impacted sites and services, ensuring their availability and readiness to handle the many Kosovo refugees. Facilitated and mediated numerous meetings and workshops with the Mayor’s office, community leaders, NGOs and other entities involved in political, social or humanitarian projects. Worked closely with refugee organizations to obtain a list of hosts from contacts in foreign NGOs in Albania, allowing for the timely completion of the $500 thousand rehabilitation project. Managed the daily office tasks; monitored and coordinated project procurement and logistics; coordinated and conducted interviewing and hiring of personnel. ECOM / MALTESER Shkoder, Albania From: Nov 1998 – Aug 1999 Position: Administrative Assistant Assisted and supported Kosovo refugees in Albania, resulting in a smooth transition of the refugees to their own country; administered the logistics and distribution of medication and other matter to minister to the needs of the refugees. Provided interpretive services and assisted in refugee cases that needed immediate attention. Adventist Development and Relief Agency (ADRA) May 1998 – Nov 1998 Tirana, Albania Assistant to the Director, Secretary, and Logistician Managed a busy office schedule, which extended to the coordination of travel logistics; conducted trainings in particular fields of expertise; formulated data collection instruments, such as surveys and questionnaires, to facilitate research into many aspects of the political situation of the region Aided the efforts of a team dedicated to reviewing laws and advising local Albanian government entities concerning humanitarian activities; provided support and research information for weekly security briefings on the latest developments in the country and the neighboring ones. REFERENCES: Supervisors may be contacted and other professional references are available upon request KSA’S: PROGRAM ANALYST/PROGRAM SPECIALIST/CONTRACT SPECIALIST Knowledge My graduate level training in Government, Law and Public Policy has given me a vast array of theoretical knowledge concerning the legal and functional aspects of the government and its policies. My knowledge and experience has also extended to the area of performing legal research in foreign countries and the administration of duties related to the management of refugees. Having had several years of experience as an assistant to the director and other executives, I have garnered comprehensive knowledge of the areas of business administration concerned with budgeting and logistics. I have also been exposed to the formulation of research instruments such as questionnaires and surveys that have aided in the collection of citizen data. I am also thoroughly familiar with Albanian language and culture, having served for more than two years within three humanitarian organizations in Albania. I understand the methods connected with training high officials in the use of language and the understanding of culture within foreign countries. I also have knowledge of the procedures and practices connected with operation within Federal Offices of the United States Government. This includes an understanding of the emergency management procedures necessary in times of disaster or distress. Finally, I have technical knowledge of several computer applications used for word processing, graphic manipulation, data entry, and data mining. Skills My administrative skills have been demonstrated by the many administrative positions I have held. They have been utilized during the period I spent in Albania, when I was in charge of performing essential office duties, as well as procurement and other logistic procedures. I am also highly skilled in the use of both English and Albanian. In Shkoder, Albania, I demonstrated the skill of monitoring IRC projects, which were instituted for the proper handling of the onslaught of Kosovo refugees. I am also skilled in mediation with government and other official organizations within foreign countries, as I was in charge of facilitating a number of meetings among the Mayor’s office, NGO’s and leaders within the community. I have also acted as an interpreter between Kosovo refugees and Albanian/American personnel, and I have been exposed to the performance and translation of legal research in the Albanian environment. Furthermore, I have worked within the U. S. Department of State National Foreign Affairs Training Center, gaining hands-on experience teaching the language and culture of Albania to the American personnel. I have also had experience and the chance to portray skill in conducting administrative business in the private sector. Abilities As a person who has been exposed to business administration and communication at the diplomatic level, I have the ability to communicate well with government officials and other members of staff within any organization. I am able to perform duties related to human resource management and development, as I have trained high level officials in the proper performance of their duties in the Albanian environment. I work very well under pressure, as has been exemplified by my performance to a high level of effectiveness in the political climate of Eastern Europe. I am also well able to perform the administrative functions related to program analysis, as I am adept in the handling of file maintenance (including electronic files), website/database updating, payroll, and mailings. I am also able to draft correspondence, manage budgets and perform the duties related to procurement and supply/inventory management. How to cite Delivering five hours, Papers

Interpreting Accounting Information for Decision Making System

Question: Discuss about the Interpreting Accounting Information for Decision Making System. Answer: Introduction: In the month of December 2016, all the financial transactions of the company have been recorded. Evaluation of the profitability achieved by the company is the objective of preparing the report. The company have been involved in selling three products and the profits is analyzed for all the types of products. The objective of the report is to provide an appropriate recommendation to the management of the company by analyzing the profits generated from different products (Demski, 2013). Analyzing the financials of the company is the main aim and the analysis is done using the statement of profit and loss. Various types of the financial transactions associated with the business is also analyzed. Report also analyses the financials of the company using ratio calculation and this comprise of the liquidity ratio and profitability ratio (Reimers, 2014). Evaluating Splash performance for December 2016: It is clearly depicted from the report presented that the management of the company has disclosed the financial performance of the company concerning the previous year. Three aspect have been chosen in order to gain the increased understanding of the research. These three aspect comprise of train, race and many more. According to the demand of market, all the three aspects have ample returns and distinct selling quantities (Collier, 2015). It is shown in the table below: Profit and loss statement summarizes all the types of expenses, revenues and cost incurred during the particular financial year. It is known by different names and most of the losses incurred and gains received by the organization are included in the profit and loss statement (Demyanenko Rozhelyuk, 2016). Return on equity and net profit margin are some of the ratios demonstrated under the profitability ratio. ROE= (1193.30/61193.30)= 1.95% Balance sheet what does it do and what is your analysis? Provide ratios. Balance sheet is the financial statement of the company, which summarizes the liabilities, asset and the shareholders equity at the particular point of time (Romney et al., 2013). It gives an idea to the investors about the amount invested by the company and the amount, which the company owes to others. Liquidity ratio is the main ratio taken into consideration. Current ratio is obtained by dividing current assets by current liabilities. CA= 4116+ 3672+4664+102152.44= 114604.44 CL= 400+ 34210= 34610 Whereas CA stands for Current assets and CL stands for current liabilities CR = 114604.44/ 34610 = 3.311 Whereas CR stands for Current Ratio The accounts transaction is terms of the application of the various types of the balances concerning accounts. They are directly related to the balances such as the total equity maintained, net profits and revenues earned by company. The application of the account of balances such as maintenance of such balance at banks and inventories (Quan et al., 2013). Concerning the liabilities, there are different types or say category of liabilities, which the company owes. There are association of various types of accounts, which is viewed to have the account payable. It include the account such as the account payable. There are different types of the accounts such as account that are payable to the accounts, which is used to view the accounts receivable. The amount of the accounts payable comes to 14663. The total valuation of the inventory comes to 3672. For race it stands at 4664 and for the train, the value stands at 4116. Recommendations It is observed that the net profit margin has declined and three types of gross rates were discovered. The recommendation offered by the analyst is about boosting the company efficiency by considering the below listed factors. It has been observed by train that the gross margin of the company in the previous year stands at 19.32%. In this regard, it is required on part of managers to prepare the strategy, which contributes in decreasing the cost of sales. This will help in dealing with the offerings of the gross profit of the company. Under the race product range, it was observed that the sales percentage of the company has increased. Therefore, under this product, the company needs to be efficient in manufacturing this product. It should avoid investing in two or more product range. Cost of sales and the production cost are included in the direct expenses. The cost of sales needs to be decreased over the financial year so that the company can experience increased profit margin rate. In the recent ear, the company has been experiencing liquidity position that is highly efficient. On this part, it is recommended to reduce the collection period of the debtors as it would help in lowering the bad debts and help in generating the increased amount of profit in short time span. Enhancing the sales would help in maintaining the constant development by increasing the efficiency. It is recommended to the operation managers to imbibe the process of production with highly efficient techniques. This will help the company in increasing the quantity of the goods sold. Additional reports suggested: Certain reports are to be prepared by the company as a part of advice. Statement of cash flow- it will be easy on the part of company to analyze the flow of cash into or out of the business by preparing the cash flow. Decisions should also be taken for the management of the future cash flow. Report on Gross margin based on product- the preparation of the gross margin report would indicate the gross margin of the entire product. It will help the company to segregate the products that are profitable to the company. Income statement that are changeable- the presentation of the report of the income statement will help in facilitating the company in realizing increasing or decreasing sales impact and the variability in the margin on the basis of net profit. Profitability based on segment- It is observed that the operations of the business of the company is segregated into three segments. The segment should be prepared because of the profitability report. This will help the business in realizing the business units, which are profitable. Conclusion: From the above analysis, it is concluded that compared to the selected two offering, the sales of train is at the highest level. The gross profit of the company is lower and for the offerings of the company, the cost of sales is at the top position. On the other hand, the competition of sales in the race product range as compared to other product has performed efficiently in sales. This is reason that the train has less cost of sales with higher gross profit margin. The sales amount of the race is lowered and the decreased cost of sales stands at $ 476. The fallen amount of sales has been attributable to the increased gross profit. The increased value of the gross profit stands at 73.84%. It is observed that the company would be able to attain huge amount of gross profit margin if there is decline in the amount of sales rather than the reduced cost of sales. Train has the highest variation in the sales and the sales cost as compared to the rate of return in the form of gross profit. Attainment of 73.84% gross profit has also reduced the difference for Race. Reference: Collier, P. M. (2015).Accounting for managers: Interpreting accounting information for decision making. John Wiley Sons. Demski, J. (2013).Managerial uses of accounting information. Springer Science Business Media. Demyanenko, M., Rozhelyuk, V. (2016). System Approach to Formation of Accounting Information for Management.Accounting and Finance, (2), 8-15. Quan, Q., Li, Y., Wang, L. (2013). Research of Accounting Information System Under E-Commerce. InProceedings of the International Conference on Information Engineering and Applications (IEA) 2012(pp. 679-686). Springer London. Reimers, J. L. (2014).Financial Accounting: Business Process Approach. Pearson Higher Ed. Romney, M. B., Steinbart, P. J., Mula, J. M., McNamara, R., Tonkin, T. (2013).Accounting Information Systems [1st Australasian edition]. Pearson Australia. Shoaei, S., Rahimi, R. (2014). Accounting Information System Cycles, Management Accounting Basis.Asian Journal of Research in Business Economics and Management,4(8), 381. Zare, I., Nekounam, J., Pirzad, A., Sedaghatjoo, F., Mosavimoyahar, S. (2013). Role of accounting information systems on relevance of accounting information.Life Science Journal,10(3s).

Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Panel Speech Essay Example

Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Panel Speech Essay When you bring up the subject of drug testing recipients on welfare there are a variety of stands and opinions that people have on this matter. People who are providing their opinions come from many different cultures and important positions that may affect how they feel about this subject. My objective is to explore these different stands to give everybody a better understanding of where our peers may be coming from. The idea is not for me to take a stand but represent each stand there is in a neutral form. Should recipients of welfare be drug tested? Is it constitutional or unconstitutional? Lawrence Mead, Professor of Politics and Public Policy at New York University says yes, but the drug testing should only be required of recipients with a history of substance abuse. This is a viewpoint of somebody that agrees generally with both sides of the issue. We can also look at the viewpoint of a person who entirely agrees with welfare recipients being drug tested such as Ohio State senator Tim Schaffer who was quoted saying in the Toledo Blade newspaper that â€Å"the drug epidemic is tearing families apart and if taxpayer dollars are fueling it then we’ve got to bring it to a stop. But someone with an opposing view might say that we can’t assume that welfare recipients are using drugs at a higher rate than the general population because if the focus were really about addressing substance abuse it would be more realistic to go about it with a more treatment and screening approach. We can also look at some of the views of people who are entirely opposed to the i dea of drug testing welfare recipients. We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Panel Speech specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Panel Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer We will write a custom essay sample on Drug Testing Welfare Recipients Panel Speech specifically for you FOR ONLY $16.38 $13.9/page Hire Writer In 1999 Michigan ran a pilot program to drug test welfare recipients and was sued by the American Civil Liberties Union claiming that constitutional rights were violated because testing was done without â€Å"individualized suspicion. † Many other state such as Florida, Virginia, Ohio have all attempted to pass these bills but to no avail because already two months into this state legislative session and not a single bill has been passed. Many states according to the American Civil Liberties Union feel that this approach is far too expensive and not saving enough money in the end for the bill too be passed. The overall opposing view is that drug testing welfare recipients targets them and invades their privacy without any proof that this action is necessary. As of today March 13th, 2013 according to the Seattle Post Intelligencer, Michigan lawmakers are still considering passing this bill. References: Giammarise, K. (2012, December 16) Drug tests for welfare recipients weighed. The Toledo Blade. Retrieved from http://www. toledoblade. com/State/2012/12/16/Drug-tests-for-welfare-recipients-weighed-Multicounty-effort-proposed-for-Ohio. html Bloom, R. (2012, March 12) Drug-testing welfare recipients: a trend with no traction. American Civil Liberties Union. Retrieved from http://www. aclu. org/blog/criminal-law-reform-racial-justice/drug-testing-welfare-recipients-trend-no-traction The Debate Club. (2013) Should welfare recipients be tested for drugs? U. S. News. Retrieved from http://www. usnews. com/debate-club/should-welfare-recipients-be-tested-for-drugs The Seattle Post Intelligencer. (2013, March 13) Bill requires drug tests for welfare recipients. The Seattle Post Intelligencer. Retrieved from http://www. seattlepi. com/news/article/Bill-requires-drug-tests-for-welfare-recipients-4350335. php

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essays

Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Essays Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Paper Enterprise Architecture as Strategy Paper Enterprise architecture is important because organizations need to adapt increasingly fast to increased competition, changing customer requirements, and business goals. Since MEG international was showing signs of reduction in sales and threatening market position by foreign competition were perfect examples that MEG was not adapting to reapply canalling environments I Nils need Tort Patton NAS Incidence over ten entire business processes; change in one business process may influence other business process. To keep enterprise architecture coherent, change should be managed accordingly in all architectures, and the relations between different architecture just be clear so it is vital for MEG to implement enterprise architecture as a strategy to be able to gain competitive advantage. Main difficulty in adopting enterprise architecture as strategy is to match business architectural alignment and IT alignment because of the differences in architectural modeling methods. Business analysts build complex business process models; similarly IT architects can design complex applications. These two groups of people may be best at what they do but they lack common language to understand each others design. Mona Lisa although being Information Systems consultant didnt have he leadership capacity or vision on how she is going to approach the issue of aligning these two processes, or what framework to use for the enterprise architecture and what IT strategy to choose to move forward towards the change process. Some of the well known examples of enterprise architecture frameworks that can help to build the strategies around enterprise architecture in MEG are: Coachmans framework for enterprise architecture (Coachman, 1987) (Figure 1): This framework is a logical structure for classifying the different perspectives involved in enterprise architecture in a two dimensional matrix that are significant to TTS stakeholders. The matrix consists of levels or player perspective (scope or planner, business model or business owner, system model or designer, technology or builder, detailed representations or subcontractor and Functioning Enterprise) and six columns or aspects (data, function, network, people, time, motivation). From the Business owner perspective data represents information about customers, products, suppliers and relationships between these entities (Session, 2007). On the other hand data from the perspective of technical person implementing the database is rows and columns in tables which are linked together by Joins (Session, 007). If we move left to right on the grid we see different system descriptions from one player view whereas if we move from top to bottom it changes the different player perspective of viewing the system descriptions. Both perspectives are therefore critical for understanding the systems architecture that Coachman tries to address in his architecture. There are some criticisms about this framework that it itself doesnt define the methodology of the framework and is a complex process and can be applicable for large organizations only. This framework mainly acts as a template where goals, ales, processes, materials, roles, locations and events that organizations require must be filled in. Session (2007) argues that the Coachman Framework is actually taxonomy for organizing architectural artifacts (I. E. Design documents, specifications, models) Tanat takes Into account Don won ten retract targets (e. G. Dustless owner, builder) and what particular issue (e. G. , data, functionality) is being addressed. The Open Group Architecture Framework (known as TOGA) (Figure 2): This framework mainly has four components such as: business architecture, application architecture, data architecture and technical architecture. Business architecture explains how business processes are aligned to meet the organizational goals. Application architecture describes how the applications are designed and explains the relationship between industry wide applications. Similarly Data architecture explains how the enterprise data are stored and accessed and finally technical architecture is responsible for explaining the interactions between software and hardware infrastructure. It mainly relies on already existing, proven technologies and products and tries to give a well-tested overall starting model which can be further extended. Although TOGA describes itself as framework, Session (2007) categorized TOGA as architectural process rather than an architectural framework. Session (2007) further extends Coachman explains how to categories the artifacts and TOGA gives the process to create them. So for an organization like MEG international Togas Architecture Development Method (ADAM) (Figure 3) provides a strategic process for moving from generic to specific enterprise architecture. Therefore taxonomy like Coachman and an architectural process like TOGA seem very much appropriate for MEG to adapt Enterprise Architecture as strategy. . 2 Re-engineering Re-engineering could also be interpreted as reverse engineering or radical redesign of a business process which disregards all the traditions and assumptions of the past business processes or procedures and develops new one aiming to leap forward in performance and this seems essential for MEG International. Reengineering process involves in identifying the characteristics of an already engineered product or services and the processes involved in developing those, then redesigning all the processes from the scratch to improve current productivity or customer satisfaction. Hammer Champs (1993) describe business re-engineering as the fundamental rethinking and radical redesign of an entire business system to achieve dramatic improvements in critical measures of performance. Reengineering is most often called business process reengineering which is aimed to accomplish tremendous changes within an organization and underpins all the possible outcomes to maintain a true competitive advantage among the competitors. Reengineering focuses on identifying and abandoning outdated rules and assumptions and creating new rules, work methods and workflow to achieve organizational goals aiming to increase productivity, product quality and customer satisfaction drastically. Harshly company need to lamben tly ten problems Ana want can De ten solutions to TAX them. If that cannot be fixed by some other means or change process then a basic re engineering model must be developed, then companys core processes should be redesigned and final stage is to adopt the new design. Re-engineering is not a simple task to accomplish, it requires fundamental rethink and radical redesign of business processes. For effectiveness it requires structured and analytic approach to generate aromatic improvements in cost reduction, quality improvements, customer satisfaction, speed etc. Pick] Reengineering (Hammers Champs, 2003, p. 2) Companies that are in deep competitive differences with their competitors, companies who have managers who can see problems arising like MEG and start on re-engineer the business before all their competitive advantage are wiped off. Hammer and Champs (1993)gs rhetorical question of reengineering is that If I were re-creating this company today, given what I know and the current level of technology, what would it look liker. Focus on fundamentals, radical redesign element, the potential for dramatic results and business process orientation must be addressed while answering the question. Fundamentals like what the organization does, why it is done that way, what are the tactical aspects, should be addressed while designing re-engineered process what should be. Superficial changes and quantum leap in performance is the must while re-engineering not only marginal enhancements and improvements. These changes should address current business process, plus implement improved and simplified processes that improve value to he customer. . Critical risks to re-engineer organization and successful change implementation Re-engineering the organization processes or business process reengineering (BPR) can produce drastic change and improvement in the organizational processes if implemented successfully. However if it is not implemented correctly it will not work as advertised and fail to meet the high expectations. Re cent surveys show that about 70% BPR fail and some organizations that have put massive effort in BPR are only able to gain marginal benefits (Davenport, 1993). These figures indicate that re- engineering has high risk but also organizations are ready to take the risk because the output when executed efficiently can be astounding. Some of the risk that could derail BPR process can be no support from senior managers, focusing on automating current processes before reengineering process is identified, making technology alone dependent on change process and not identifying the limitation of the current Information technology infrastructure. Other directly impacting difficulties that BPR can face involves employee resistance to change, not addressing employee concerns, Alsatian AT strategy goals, lack AT learning overslept Ana commitment. Including all these risks main critical factor is that organization must be truly committed to change in the re-engineering process with full support of senior level management. At Meg international even though Latino thought that everyone would be excited by the prospects of organizational change, only few expressed any enthusiasm for understanding general management. Most of the divisional heads were not clear on what re-engineering process is and were misinterpreting the concept in their own words which created an anxiety among most of the employees which resulted in loss of number of good technical staff. These were clear signs that most of the divisional heads were not ready to help in the re-engineering process that was very bad sign for Mona Lisa to start with. Since the BPR is a high risk process and involves high level of tasks to achieve, it can never be one man Job; it stresses the use of team throughout the process. Lisa however didnt show any initiative in having a team; as a result her rigorous efforts were wasted and ultimately lead to her resignation. If I was in her position then my first priority of this project loud be to create team of experts from different parts of organization to understand the business processes and technical infrastructure, and hire few members in the team from outside who have better understanding of re-engineering process who will be responsible for explaining the management team what re-engineering actually is and what we are planning to achieve. It is unlikely that an organization can ignore the existing infrastructure and implement a process from scratch. It is more realistic to acknowledge the resources available and any real constraints and develop fundamental understanding of their implications on the process redesign (Davenport, 1993). After the process is redesigned, available Information Technology should be used to facilitate the implementation of new process that rules out the possibility of technology to be the limited factor. While process re-engineering is not a technology endeavourer, IT is recognized as having a critical role to play in re- engineering efforts, primarily as an enabler of new operational and management processes (Davenport and Short 1990; Hammer and Champs 1993; Davenport 1993). However, IT in itself cannot be held responsible for the ultimate success or allure of the business strategy. When skillfully applied, IT can provide support for the intermediate processes that taken together comprise the execution of an organizations strategy. Since organizations culture is an important aspect and cannot be ignored in the change process, the framework that I will be using during re-engineering process is Muckinesss seven S diagram (Figure 4) because it encapsulates the key components of an organization and has Shared Values (or Culture) at its centre. 2. 1 Systems:- These are the processes, methods, procedures, rules, techniques, technology, manuals, etc. Hat ensures that work is undertaken efficiently and accurately. These are the essential part of an organization to guide the management and staff. Therefore key to BPR process is to understand current systems and redesign them, often as Davenport (1993) highlights, new processes are enabled by new technology wanly ultimately engages employees to learn new techniques. 2. 2 Structures:- After the key processes are redefined, the next step would be to restructure the organization to match along these processes. The new form of organizational structure that aims to break the traditional types of structure, particularly eructation and divisional structures is required. Hammer Champs (2003) recommend a move to much flatter structures organized around the processes, whereas Davenport (1993) recommends a multidimensional matrix structure, with process responsibility as a key dimension (p 160). To achieve this, Johansson et al (1993) states: the new organization must accommodate a balance between functional expertise and process involvement and goes on to say it is essential to remove functional barriers (IPPP). 2. Staff:- As per Henley (1991) Staff is the quality and quantity of people employed and anger has the role of motivation, reward systems, the structure of Jobs and team work (pap). Davenport (1993) expresses gain-sharing (Pl 10), lateral promotion, upgrade from role title to process title (Pl 1 1), and interesting and challenging through work role rotation, he believes encourages employees to redesign the processes to eliminate their own Job. In contrast to Davenports expression BPR to some extent will be involved in down-sizing and right-siz ing the workforce. 2. Skills:- Henley (1991) defines skills as The competences the organization needs in its people in order to perform difficult tasks to a high standard (pap). The BPR redefines the roles that should enhance and provide space for skills development where Hammer Champs (1993) add New World of Work where Jobs change from simple tasks to multi-dimensional work. This means Job preparation changes from training to education, from rule following to exercising Judgment and managers change from supervisors to coaches and executives change from scorekeepers to leaders(p 169). . 5 Strategy:- The main task in BPR is to discover the organizations strategy and of what rives competitive advantage in a particular industry; the industrys value chain and the basis for competition, and how a particular company seeks to gain competitive edge Monsoon et al 1993, pap). BPR decisions and strategic decisions involving new processes new structure and new staff mindset is extremely diffic ult to achieve but managers should be trained to articulate their Process vision driven by Business Strategy Davenport (1993, Pl 27). By style Henley (1991) means the philosophy, values and shared beliefs adopted by managers in their use of power (pap). BPR should be able to change the way hinge are done in the organization and behavioral changes. Process innovation involves massive change, not only in process flows and the culture surrounding them, but also in organizational power and controls (Davenport, 1993, Pl 3). 2. 7 Shared Values:- Andrews Stick (1994) state that in successful reengineering business operations, individual belief systems become aligned with the stated beliefs of the organization (Pl 15). Reengineering will definitely have a big impact on the cultural aspect of an organization under new processes, structure, staff role, management tragedy and style but re-engineering demands that employees deeply believe they work for their customers, not for their bosses(Hammer Champs, 1993, pap). BPR should establish new process teams linked by common values where employees must believe in self empowerment, self management and rewards based on skills must be used. Following this structure would provide me path to develop perfect strategy that would enable me to lead my team to successful re-engineering process at MEG international that would significantly improve the performance of the business processes. 3. Justification for Change in an Organization Change is inevitable in an organization, the organizations unable to keep up with the change; cannot match up with the fast changing market and their survival will be in question. There are many things, events, or situations that occur in an organization or its external environment that affect the way a business operates, either that can be positive or negative. To cope with these occurrences, situations or events; every organization has to fundamentally alter the way they do business. Thus we can say the statement Change is an ever-present feature of organizational life, both at an operational and strategic level. Therefore, there should be no doubt regarding the importance to any organization of its ability to identify where it needs to be in the future, and how to manage the changes required getting there. Consequently, organizational change cannot be separated from organizational strategy, or vice versa is very true. There are mainly four reasons that organizations need to changes that can be market changes, increased competition, external forces, and internal forces. 3. 1 Market changes The international demand for quality products, low prices, better service and increased level of client satisfaction are the key for the organizations change the way they do business in current global economy. To match these ever changing needs companies are Trace to Tort collaborative arrangements, cooperative ventures Ana even alliances. Social and political pressures have always been there for the organizations. Employee values, needs, priorities and their motivations are always influenced by the political and social events. To match up with their needs its essential for managers to adjust their management styles and arrange comfortable environment for employees. . 2 Increased competition In past where there were technology was not advance enough and there was less global competition with slower moving business environment where change occurred incrementally and infrequently. But now challenges organizations face is different, globalization has created both opportunities and challenges forcing firms to make drastic changes not only to compete but to survive in the market. Globalization is basically driven by technological advances, international economic integration and domestic market maturation (cotter 1996). Even companies operating in small entries can feel the impact of global competition. 3. 3 External forces External driving forces are those kinds of situations or events that occur outside of the company and they are beyond the control of an organization. External forces can be expressed under these sub-classifications: Demographic Characteristics: The change in population and their density come under this classification that can trigger organizational changes. This mainly includes changes in age, gender, race, and increase in diversity. Technological developments: In current business environment technology plays vital role in any organization. The Internet has revolutionized the way in which information is exchanged, communication facilitated and commerce conducted. Technology is rapidly changing and effective management demands more knowledge in these areas in order for companies to manage their resources and develop, maintain or keep their competitive edge. It is essential for organizations to adapt technology to improve productivity and market competitiveness. Since technology is fastest changing entity, any business missing to follow the technological changes might loose their competitiveness or wiped off completely from the market. . 4 Internal Forces Internal driving forces are those kinds of situations or events that occur inside the company and they controlled if there is proper initiative taken. Internal forces can be expressed near tense sun Human resource factors: -classification: People change more frequently and they bring in their changed perceptions in the organizations. Their perceptions about the work and work environment, their expectations from their managers and colleagues, flexibility and balance between work and their life etc could act as important factor for organizational change. To increase employee motivation, and improve their commitment and dedication towards work, their stresses, sources of conflict, work overload, and ambiguity need to be identified and eliminated. Managerial behavior/decisions: Excessive interpersonal conflict is often a clear sign that change is needed. Due to the important role of the manager in introducing and managing change in the organization, skills training and capacity building programmer for both manager and employee might be necessary. It is suggested that a better strategic approach to change is where organizations and heir people continually monitor, sense and respond to external and internal environment in small steps as an ongoing process (Burners, 2004). Early model of change was developed by Lenin (cited in Burners 2004, p. 985) consisting of three- stage process. First stage is unfreezing which is mainly aimed at overcoming or dismantling the existing mind set that are resisting change. Secondly the change implementation which can be of lot of confusions where old ways are challenged and new ideas have not been fully stable. Final stage he called is refreezing stabilizing hang within organizational culture, norms, policies and practices in order to ensure the new behavior is sustained in individuals.

Thought Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Thought Paper - Essay Example â€Å"The general terms "high context" and "low context" (popularized by Edward Hall) are used to describe broad-brush cultural differences between societies† (Beer). These are the things that we discuss in the next section. High context societies or groups are observed to have close connections over a long period of time. In this context, we see that â€Å"many aspects of cultural behavior are not made explicit because most members know what to do and what to think from years of interaction with each other† thus a family is a fit example for this (Beer). On the other hand, â€Å"low context refers to societies where people tend to have many connections but of shorter duration or for some specific reason. In these societies, cultural behavior and beliefs may need to be spelled out explicitly so that those coming into the cultural environment know how to behave† (Beer). Conflict resolution will differ according to the level of context the group has. Conflict in a low context group might might resort to adherence to certain rules in resolving conflict. This means a strict or rigid written rule. On the other hand, conflict in a high context group such as the family, can be resolved with under standing and patience. This does not necessitate an arbiter or a written code but patient and compassionate understanding of others’ faults. The key concepts, such as honor, shame and saving face will also differ across cultures. Honor can be of varying level according to culture. For some like the Japanese, authorities are regarding with highest honor so that submission easily follows from the subordinates. More liberal countries such as America or even the Third World country such as the Philippines encourage citizen’s freedom thus authorities are ostracized such as done during mass rally and political revolution. Resolving with authorities in a culture such as Japan would necessitate paying much honor to the authorities. On the other hand, â€Å"shame is a common form of

Health Economics 2 Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Health Economics 2 - Essay Example Both of these systems address problems being faced in health care financing. With limited financial resources, the rationalization process which is seen in the casemix and the P4P system largely supports quality health services for as many people and patients as possible. P4P system – The Government of Hong Kong (2008) defines it as a system is an internal resource allocation system for hospital funding. They also discuss that it is about strategic purchasing services most needed by the community (Government of Hong Kong, 2008). Casemix system – Based on the Government of Hong Kong (2008), this system is an activity-based funding system where the provider is paid for each case which is treated, and adjustments are made based on the complexity of the case using pre-set classifications. Diagnosis-related groups – Diagnosis-related groups or DRGs are â€Å"based on the principle that diagnosis and other patient characteristics can be categorized in terms of the total quantity of resources used in treating patients† (Government of Hong Kong, 2008, p. 4) Health care systems for countries differ greatly from each other. The differences often depend on the system of government and social services existing in each country. Some countries are based on a socialist system where the health care system is dependent on the government’s support. In other countries, the citizens themselves have to cover for their health care with hardly any assistance from the government at all. Nevertheless, the point is proven that health care systems are different based on each country’s health applications. This paper shall compare the hospital funding system in Hong Kong known as the P4P system with the casemix funding systems in Victoria and New South Wales, Australia. It shall draw specific examples within the chosen health care system in order to

Determinants That Cause The Demand Curve To Shift Economics Essay

Determinants That Cause The Demand Curve To Shift Economics Essay Demand means that the willingness of a buyers to buy a goods and able to buy a goods at a different price levels. The law states that the demand curve is a downward sloping graph which shows that there is a negative relationship between the price of a product and the quantity of a product. When a price of a product rises, the quantity demanded will decrease. On the other hand, when the price of a product falls, the quantity demanded will increase. Demand is a shift either rightward or leftward in the demand curve. Demand curve will shift leftward if the consumers decide to buy less, and the demand curve will shift rightward if the consumers decide to buy more. Decrease in demand will cause the demand curve to shift leftward. There are many determinants that cause the demand curve to shift. Price of coke $ Figure 5.1 D0 D1 Quantity of coke One of the determinants that cause the demand curve to shift is expectation. For example, if the price of a coke expected will fall next month, the quantity demand will also decrease. So, this is as shown in figure 5.1. As the demand decrease, the demand curve will definitely shift leftward from D0 to D1.Besides, the price of substitutes and complements good will cause the demand curve to shift. Complementary goods are good that are used together. For example, petrol and car. If the price of petrol rise, this will cause the quantity demand for car decrease. Substitute good are good that can be replaced with another good. For example, butter and margarine. If the price of butter fall, the quantity of margarine will definitely shift leftward. Besides, the taste and income will also cause the demand curve to shift. Quantity demand is a movement upward or downward in the demand curve. The only factor that will cause the movement is the price of the goods itself. For example, the price of an apples decrease from $2.50 to $1.90. This will cause the demand curve to move downward (from point A to B). Besides, the quantity demand definitely will increase from 4 to 7 as it applied the law of demand. As the price of an apple decrease, the quantity demanded will increase. This is shown in Figure 5.2. Price of an apple $ 2.50 A 1.90 B Figure 5.2 0 Quantity for apples 4 7 Part B Income elasticity of demand means that the percentage change in quantity demanded dividing the percentage change in households income. There are 3 types of degrees of income elasticity of demand (YED). If the income elasticity of demand is greater than 0, then this elasticity is a positive YED. But this positive YED is categorized into two types. First, if the quantity demanded of a good rise a smaller amount of percentage compare to the income of the households, this is known as a normal good. A normal good normally does not responsive to the changes in the quantity demanded of the good. This is also known as income elastic since (0